A Review of School Funding In Texas

The article shows the various efforts that the state of Texas has implemented in order to source funds for its schools.The first laws enacted for the purpose of school funding were the Gilmer-Aikin Act which was passed in 1949. Under this law, the funds would be sourced from state and local donors. In my opinion, this is a very comprehensive law because it provided for a top to bottom reorganization of the state funding system (Coalition to Invest in Texas Schools, 2004).The current law right now is the â€Å"Robin Hood System† (Coalition to Invest In Texas Schools, 2004). From the name itself, the funding for schools would be sourced from the wealthy districts of Texas. The aim of this system is to ensure equity in financing the schools.Soliciting the help of the affluent states of Texas is a good way of fostering cooperation among the districts of Texas. It would help the low income districts to use their funds for other activities (Coalition to Invest in Texas Schools, 2004 ).In 2004, this system of using the revenue of wealthy districts was able to generate $1.2 billion annually which was used as budget by the Foundation Program of Finance. Putting an end to the Robin Hood System proved to be a difficult decision as the local government of Texas would have to find substitute funding in order to support the schools (Coalition to Invest in Texas Schools, 2004).The Robin Hood System became very controversial and was even the reason for the filing of a class suit by more than 300 school districts. The main argument of the plaintiffs was that by levying the maximum rate on property tax, it became equal to the ad valorem tax levied by the state, which violated Texas Constitution (Coalition to Invest in Texas Schools, 2004).The case needed three years before it was resolved. In September 2004, a decision was handed down in favor of the plaintiffs. In October 2005, the Travis County District Court ordered the Texas Legislature to resolve the unconstitutional element of the school funding system which also includes budget for facilities (Coalition to Invest In Texas Schools, 2004).The article proves the fact that funding school systems is a very sensitive issue that should be addressed by the proper authorities.Works CitedCoalition to Invest in Texas Schools. (2004). A Brief History of School Funding in Texas.Retrieved June 5, 2008 from http://www.investintexasschools.org/schoolfunding/history.php

Contemporary Canadian Business Law: Principles and Cases Tenth Edition Cases

Contemporary Canadian Business Law: Principles and Cases Tenth Edition Chapter 15: Case 9 Case 9 deals with a homeowner (the principle) who lists her property for sale and enters into an agreement with an agent to facilitate a sale with a third party. Over the course of the agency agreement a prospective buyer inspected the property but didn’t make an offer before the agency agreement expired. The legal issue that arises comes after the agency agreement expires.The prospective buyer later decided to put in an offer, which was accepted, but once discovering that the agreement between the principle and agent had expired brought legal action against the agent. The nature of the buyer’s actions in my opinion could be considered abnormal. The expiration of the agency agreement between the principle and the agent doesn’t have much bearing on his decision to place an offer on the house.The buyer indicated his interest in the house when he inspected the property and woul d have become aware of the disclosed agency at that time, so the fact that the agency agreement was expired at the time the offer was made is irrelevant. If anyone was to have a problem with the fact that the offer was accepted after the expiration of the agency agreement expired it should be the principle, depending on the situation. While the agreement may have expired the principle may have indicated through her actions that they would like the relationship to continue without signing a new agreement.Without the principle notifying potential third parties that the agent no longer had the authority to bind the parties, the agent was completely within their rights to accept the offer. The property owner would be able to ratify the agreement assuming that at the time the offer was accepted it was an agency of conduct that existed between her and the agent. If agency of conduct wasn’t the case and the principle had made it known to potential third parties that the agent no lon ger had the authority to act on her behalf, before the agent accepted the offer, then it could not be ratified.Ratification is retroactive, so agency by estoppel prevents the principle from denying representation after the fact. Chapter 22: Case 9 Case 9 deals with two individuals, Smith(plaintiff) an owner of a large farm in eastern Ontario and Crockett (defendant) who occupied a small cabin on a woodlot that was on Mr. Smith’s farm property. Mr. Crockett constructed the log cabin in 1978 with the permission of the property owner and used the cabin as a fishing and hunting camp. For many years the defendant used the cabin on weekends during the summer while he was fishing, and for a weeks during the fall hunting season.Beginning in the summer of 1981, Crockett began to make improvements to the area surrounding the cabin, by adding a small vegetable garden and constructing a fence during his months long summer vacation. The fence was constructed around both the cabin and gard en for the purpose of keeping the animals out. During the hunting season of that year, Crockett cut down a number of small trees and extend the fenced-in-area to a parcel of land 23 metres by 30 metres and included a gate in the fence for access to the roadway.Smith made sure to ask Crockett about the fence, shortly after it was constructed, and was told that it was there to keep the animals away from his flowers and vegetables. The following year Crockett accepted early retirement and spent the period from May 1st to November 30th at the cabin. Crockett continued to take advantage of the fishing, continued to plant a garden and helped Smith with the planting of his crops and his fall harvest. Crockett would leave his belongings in the cabin over the cold winter months and spend his winter in a warmer climate.When Crockett returned to the cabin the next April he was met by a local tax assessor, who asked him if he owned the cabin and answered with an affirmative and sometime alter r eceived a municipal tax bill. Crockett would pay the tax bill, which was issued in his name, for the year of 1983. Over the next several years Crockett would continue to live in the cabin and only spend the coldest winter months away and paid taxes on the cabin each year. In 1994 Crockett expanded the fences further to include an area 30metres by 45metres in order to enclose a larger vegetable garden.Smith didn’t object but warned that the two large hickory trees be left standing. In the summer of 2002, the two large hickory trees were damaged by a lightening strike and subsequently cut down by the defendant, which promoted the plantiff to go into a rage and order Crockett off the property. Crockett refused to leave claiming he was the owner of a parcel of land. The main legal issue to examine regarding this case deals with encroachment, which is simply defined as: A possessory right to the property of another that may be acquired by the passage of time.Crockett has well docu mented existence of the woodlot property dating back over 20 years and was not met with objection on the part of the Smith, who is the true owner. Due to the fact that the plantiff left the defendant undisturbed for over 20 years, he lost his right to dispute to object the encroachment. Smith would have had to make his objections known regarding Crockett’s occupancy in the log cabin, constructed on his wood lot, many years earlier if he wanted to maintain his right to object.It is my belief that the court would view things similarly and decide that Smith lost his right to object to Crockett’s encroachment and allow the defendant to continue to use the property in the ways in which he had previously been. Having occupied the property for parts of 22 years not being asked to vacate the property during any of the first 10-20 years, Crockett was within his right to refuse and the fact that he paid taxes on the property further supports his claim to ownership of the propert y.Chapter 28: Case 8 Case 8 deals with a cheque written by Ascot with the intent to purchase a painting from an art gallery. The plaintiff (Ascot) had prepared a cheque in the amount of the purchase price, which was $1000 and signed it, but was unsure of the exact spelling of the art gallery, so he left that part blank. Ascot would leave the incomplete instrument in his desk drawer with the intention of making a phone call to the gallery later in the day for the information necessary to complete it.After having determined the gallery’s name, while out at lunch, he returned to his office to complete the cheque but discovered it had been stolen. The defendant, Hines, a fellow employee of Ascot, had taken the cheque and filled it out payable â€Å"to bearer† and used it to purchase items at a store where Ascot’s signature was recognized. The storeowner would later present Ascot’s cheque to the bank for payment. Ascot was a few minutes too late calling the ba nk with a stop payment and the bank had already paid the cheque.It is important to determine whether the plaintiff has the proper elements to warrant a real defence. While there are three classes of defences to claims for payment of bills of exchange, the most effective are called real defences. Real defences are defences that go to the root of the instrument, and are good against all holders, including a holder in due course. In the situation explained above, it is clear the plaintiff never delivered the incomplete instrument and therefore is a real defence due to the fact that another party completed the instrument, and negotiated it for payment.It is obvious that the defendant, Hines, completed the incomplete instrument and negotiated it for the payments by way of receiving goods from the storeowner. The legal claim of the cancellation of the instrument alone would not be enough to use in a defence against a claim of payment by a holder. Because Ascot was a few minutes late calli ng the bank to cancel the instrument he would not be able to deny payment as the cancellation was not noted on the instrument and its handling could have been viewed as reckless if the circumstances were not known.Since Ascot had not only signed an incomplete instrument, but also did not deliver it, both elements were present to constitute a real defence. The courts would rule that the plaintiff did indeed have a real defence and as a result would not be responsible for the amount paid out by the bank to the storeowner. The actions of the employee go beyond the scope of this case and are therefore left out of the ruling. Chapter 19: Case 12 Case 12 deals with a two parties who were affected by the strike action taken by the Gear Makers’ Union.Those parties are Gear Warehousing Company and Transmission Manufacturing Company. Gear Warehousing Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Gear Manufacturing Company, while Transmission Manufacturing Company is an important customer of Gear Manufacturing Company. The Gear Warehousing Company and the Gear Makers’ Union had been unsuccessfully trying to negotiate a new collective bargaining agreement before the expiry of the old agreement but could not reach an agreement.Both parties requested a conciliation services offered by the Ministry of Labour, but the service failed to produce an agreement. Before a strike or lockout can take place, requesting the services of conciliation offered by the Ministry of Labour is mandatory. After the failed conciliation, the employees went out on strike and set up picket lines at the entrance of the plant of Gear Manufacturing Company as well as the entrance to Gear Warehousing company in an attempt to prevent the shipment of goods from the warehouse.A few days later the employees decided to set up a picket line at Transmission Manufacturing Company, and prevented the company from shipping a large truckload of transmissions to another manufacturer. The actions taken by the striking employees resulted in the Transmission Manufacturing Company suffering a loss of $5000 through its failure to make its delivery on time. The union members are legally allowed by law to withhold their services from their employer and set up picket lines at the entrances of the employer’s premise if they desire to.Focusing on the rights of the Gear Warehousing Company, as long as the employees are picketing for the purpose of conveying information there is nothing they can do to prevent the picketing from occurring. Where the Gear Warehousing Company gains rights is when it comes to dealing with attempts by picketers to prevent persons from entering or leaving the plant, and therefore may be actionable by law.As well, if property is damaged or a person is injured while attempting to enter or leave the employer’s premise, the employer has the right to apply for a court order limiting the number of pickets to only a few. While the employees were within their righ t to picket at the entrance of the plant of Gear Manufacturing Company, Gear Warehousing Company would be well within its rights to apply for a court order limiting the number of pickets to only a few so that shipment of goods from the warehouse could remain on schedule.Moving on to examine the secondary picket is where the Transmission Manufacturing Company comes into the picture and we look at their rights. A secondary picket is simply when picketing takes place somewhere other than the employer’s place of business. Until 2002 it was considered unlawful except where employer and supplier or customer were so closely related that suppliers or customers might be considered involved in the dispute as part of the employer’s overall operations.Following a 2002 court ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada, it was determined that secondary picketing constitutes freedom of expression, and is protected under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Due to the fact that employees wer e not only conveying information regarding the strike but also preventing the Transmission company from making its shipment on time they would be well within its rights to apply for a court order limiting the number of pickets to only a few so that future shipments of goods from the company could remain on schedule.In my opinion the courts would come to the same conclusion as mentioned above and limit the number of employees picketing in one place at a time to ensure the businesses involved were not prevented from making shipments. The striking employees are well within their right to convey information regarding the strike action but cannot prevent the Gear Warehousing Company and the Transmission Manufacturing Company from making shipments to customers.

Lord of the Flies

In this essay, I will talk about the key points that led to the loss of civilization. â€Å"We did everything adults would do. What went wrong? † -William Gilding, Lord of the Flies The first point, I would like to introduce Is Jack's Impact on the community. Jack Is a very strong individual, who believes that If you can't solve a problem, you should Just avoid it. As well as that he Is the oldest and the strongest, which In theory should make him sensible, despite that, he chooses not to support rules and senselessly. â€Å"Jack's face swam near him. â€Å"And you shut pulp Who are you, anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do.You ant hunt, you can't sing?† â€Å"I'm chief. I was chosen. † â€Å"Why should choosing make any difference? Just giving orders that don't make any sense† Now it is quite obvious, that Jack represents an autocratic government, where power is taken; and Ralph represents democratic governments, where power is given. Moreover , Jack understands mob mentality, and uses physical examples, of tortures to threaten other savages. As a result of Jack's actions, mob mentality starts to grow. Mob mentality, happens when individuals, act as a group. Therefore, they try to hide their personality, which makes them free of all laws and obligations.An example In the book would be how the savages, attacked Rally's shelters and they weren't' even sorry for a bit, but If adults would've been there†¦ â€Å"Someone was throwing stones: Roger was dropping them, his one hand still on the lever. Below him, Ralph was a shock of hair and Piggy a bag of fat. † William Gilding, Lord of the Flies. To Roger, it is literally indifferent, who Ralph and Piggy are. To him, they are Just a ‘shock of Hair' and ‘a bag of fat'. It is impossible that Roger would have pushed the lever, if adults were there and Jack wasn't. This is how mob mentality influences the people.It can also be seen, when all of the characters are present at the killing of Simon. Another important factor, responsible for the loss of civilization, is the death of Simon. It can be described as the watershed moment, because after that they aren't afraid to kill. If he was regarded as the ‘Beast', killing him didn't stop the boys being scared of the ‘Beast'. â€Å"We was [was >were] on the outside. We never done nothing, we never seen nothing. † [Salad Ralph] Lord of the Flies, William Gilding. Ralph tells Piggy; hide the fact, that they were both present at the murder of Simon.Ralph is still ashamed that they hadn't stopped the savages. Above all, darkness and evil of humanity affected the boys, the most. Gilding, himself fought in the WI and saw Hiroshima, AS concentration camps and much more; so he really understands what mankind is capable of. â€Å"Maybe there is a beast What I mean is†¦ Maybe it's only us. † Lord of the Flies, William Gilding Simon and Piggy achieve same-but-different con clusions. Piggy has rational, external, empirical attitude, saying: we're afraid of each other. Simon has a more spiritual believe: it's not each other we need to be afraid of, but us.In Lord of the Flies, Gilding expresses the real side of the human-beings. â€Å"What a man does defines him, not what is done by others. † William Gilding. To conclude my essay, those were the main points that influenced the loss of civilization: Jacks impact, mob mentality, murder of Simon and the darkness & evil of humanity. Those aren't all the point that affected it. I personally didn't like the book- I think it was boring. â€Å"The writer probably knows what he meant when he wrote a book, but he should immediately forget what he meant when he's written it. † William Gilding Lord of the flies Slipping Away William Gilding states â€Å"†¦ The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the Individual. † In Lord of the Flies when he brings two tribes of boys together to sustain an island surrounded by evil (204). Upon analyzing Gildings characters, we can see that the boys stranded on the island are willing to do anything to anyone in order to survive. Despite the evil in Roger and Jack, the innocence and good in Piggy and Ralph surfaces.When we look at the way Gilding describes the boys on the Island, we can all twice the change within all of them. In the beginning of the novel the kids are innocent British school boys, but later Jack transforms into a child whoso obsessed with hunting. Jack is only interested in torturing and killing the pig when he â€Å"raised his spear and sneaked forward† (135). Just how much one can change because of their surroundings. Ralph and Jack have tension between them most of the time because Ralph can clearly se e the transformation within Jack.Because of the darkness In Jack, it highlights the Innocence In Piggy when he believes â€Å"[they'd] hurt he next telling. ,. And that's [him]† (93). Piggy feels that without any reason no one would survive on the island. Because of the chaos on the island, Piggy's constantly paranoid. In a world of destruction, the worst comes out from the good. As we observe Roger, we can infer the changes he comes across. As Jack and Roger are trying to kill Ralph, they set the island on fire. When the twins are being held captive by Roger, they explain to Ralph how â€Å"they hate [him]† (188).Jack and Roger were childish enough to set their environment on fire Just to get what they want. They want the rest of the boys to be on their side and in order to do that they have to exile Ralph. Clinton 2 While Jack and Roger are trying to find Ralph, Sam n Eric find him first and warn him how â€Å"[Rorer's] a terror† (189). Roger is the one in cha rge of murdering Ralph or Jack would be the one â€Å"sharpening the stick. † The island Is obviously changing more than one of the boys. Not only do bad things happen to good people, but good people can turn bad.When Piggy and Ralph find the rest of the boys, Ralph starts mentally hurting Piggy. Piggy's insecurities show when they talk about him â€Å"being called Piggy† (25). With this Ralph goes behind Piggy's back and tells the tribe his name is â€Å"Piggy. † Ralph is displaying his callousness to Piggy now that the rest of the boys are there. He's trying to come off's the leader type for the first time impression. In the same scene when thieve Introducing themselves, Ralph continues to push Piggy around by telling him to â€Å"go back, and take names. That's your job. So long† (157).Ralph turns bossy and thinks he can tell everyone what to do and how to do it. Piggy feels that Ralph thinks he's better than him to show off for the rest of the tribe. Ralph believes that now he's chief he doesn't have to do any of the hard work and he can make everyone else do it. All Piggy wants is for Ralph to have his back and be his friend. However, Plays being the only voice of reason makes him the weak target. In the speak† (44). The rest of the boys believe they can push piggy around. He feels unwanted and nobody understands him and his needs.He notices Ralph becoming angry when he's constantly shouting â€Å"shut up† at him. Not only does Piggy have ideas to get off the island alive, but nobody acknowledges him. He believes they are turning against each other and attacking. The tribes think being on the island is a lot of fun. Piggy thinks â€Å"rules are they only thing [they've] got† (91). Piggy Just wants to be friends with everyone, but since they pick on him and Hess so gullible, that can't happen. He thinks â€Å"the world is slipping away' when the boys become something they aren't (204).Ultimately, the good in Ralph and Piggy comes out do to the darkness in Jack and Roger. In the novel, William Gilding places two tribes of boy to survive the evil within themselves on an Clinton 3 island. They need to be able to handle themselves and each other in order to get off the island alive. William Gilding discusses how â€Å"the theme is an attempt to trace the defects of human society back to the defects of human nature† (204). He figured that if he put a group of boys in the wild to survive with only the clothes on their backs, they would turn into savages. Lord of the flies Slipping Away William Gilding states â€Å"†¦ The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the Individual. † In Lord of the Flies when he brings two tribes of boys together to sustain an island surrounded by evil (204). Upon analyzing Gildings characters, we can see that the boys stranded on the island are willing to do anything to anyone in order to survive. Despite the evil in Roger and Jack, the innocence and good in Piggy and Ralph surfaces.When we look at the way Gilding describes the boys on the Island, we can all twice the change within all of them. In the beginning of the novel the kids are innocent British school boys, but later Jack transforms into a child whoso obsessed with hunting. Jack is only interested in torturing and killing the pig when he â€Å"raised his spear and sneaked forward† (135). Just how much one can change because of their surroundings. Ralph and Jack have tension between them most of the time because Ralph can clearly se e the transformation within Jack.Because of the darkness In Jack, it highlights the Innocence In Piggy when he believes â€Å"[they'd] hurt he next telling. ,. And that's [him]† (93). Piggy feels that without any reason no one would survive on the island. Because of the chaos on the island, Piggy's constantly paranoid. In a world of destruction, the worst comes out from the good. As we observe Roger, we can infer the changes he comes across. As Jack and Roger are trying to kill Ralph, they set the island on fire. When the twins are being held captive by Roger, they explain to Ralph how â€Å"they hate [him]† (188).Jack and Roger were childish enough to set their environment on fire Just to get what they want. They want the rest of the boys to be on their side and in order to do that they have to exile Ralph. Clinton 2 While Jack and Roger are trying to find Ralph, Sam n Eric find him first and warn him how â€Å"[Rorer's] a terror† (189). Roger is the one in cha rge of murdering Ralph or Jack would be the one â€Å"sharpening the stick. † The island Is obviously changing more than one of the boys. Not only do bad things happen to good people, but good people can turn bad.When Piggy and Ralph find the rest of the boys, Ralph starts mentally hurting Piggy. Piggy's insecurities show when they talk about him â€Å"being called Piggy† (25). With this Ralph goes behind Piggy's back and tells the tribe his name is â€Å"Piggy. † Ralph is displaying his callousness to Piggy now that the rest of the boys are there. He's trying to come off's the leader type for the first time impression. In the same scene when thieve Introducing themselves, Ralph continues to push Piggy around by telling him to â€Å"go back, and take names. That's your job. So long† (157).Ralph turns bossy and thinks he can tell everyone what to do and how to do it. Piggy feels that Ralph thinks he's better than him to show off for the rest of the tribe. Ralph believes that now he's chief he doesn't have to do any of the hard work and he can make everyone else do it. All Piggy wants is for Ralph to have his back and be his friend. However, Plays being the only voice of reason makes him the weak target. In the speak† (44). The rest of the boys believe they can push piggy around. He feels unwanted and nobody understands him and his needs.He notices Ralph becoming angry when he's constantly shouting â€Å"shut up† at him. Not only does Piggy have ideas to get off the island alive, but nobody acknowledges him. He believes they are turning against each other and attacking. The tribes think being on the island is a lot of fun. Piggy thinks â€Å"rules are they only thing [they've] got† (91). Piggy Just wants to be friends with everyone, but since they pick on him and Hess so gullible, that can't happen. He thinks â€Å"the world is slipping away' when the boys become something they aren't (204).Ultimately, the good in Ralph and Piggy comes out do to the darkness in Jack and Roger. In the novel, William Gilding places two tribes of boy to survive the evil within themselves on an Clinton 3 island. They need to be able to handle themselves and each other in order to get off the island alive. William Gilding discusses how â€Å"the theme is an attempt to trace the defects of human society back to the defects of human nature† (204). He figured that if he put a group of boys in the wild to survive with only the clothes on their backs, they would turn into savages. Lord of the Flies KOURTNIE MCLAURIN ENGLISH 4 DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY: LORD OF THE FLIES MAIN CHARACTER: RALPH Lord of the Flies is a novel by author William Golding. Lord of the Flies story line is about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves, with disastrous results. The setting takes place on an unnamed island, during a nuclear war. The book sets out their descent into brutality, left to them in an exquisite country, far from modern civilization, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.Ralph, one of the older boys, is the protagonist of the novel who at first is overjoyed to be on a tropical island free from adult restraints. He is neither the smartest nor the strongest but has a kind of quiet charisma and good looks. He tries to keep the boys focused on trained order and the rules of civilization but loses his authority and almost his life to Jack’s, the antagonist of the story, seizure of power. By nature, he is an innocent, mild- temp ered boy who accepts leadership when it is thrown at him. He portrayed as a democratic leader who tries to keep the boys together on the island.Ralph has courage when the occasion demands it, but he really longs for the secure world of grown-ups, especially when order starts breaking down on the island. He dreams about a rescue and insists the signal fire burn at all times so that they can be seen. There’s conflict. Ralph knows that the main reason for the disorder on the island is Jack, representation of evil in the novel. There is a constant conflict between the two boys. Ralph stands for civilized ideals, while Jack leads a tribe of savages and lapses into primitive rituals. In the midst of the savagery, Ralph holds on to rationality and the hope of rescue.There is only one occasion when Ralph lapses into mild savagery; it occurs when he joins the ritual dance at the feast, the same feast where Simon is killed. The guilt that Ralph experiences as an outcome of his being a part of Simon's death is unbearable. It forces him to totally accept the fallen nature of all mankind. Armed with the truth, like Simon before him, he becomes the hunted animal, full of desperation and despair. Only civilization, which appears in the form of the naval officer, can save Ralph from the savagery that surrounds him. Lord of the Flies Daniel Santana Mrs. Caston English CP9, Period 1 6/6/12 Essay for LORD OF THE FLIES When man is taken or is separated from civilization, man can become primitive. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding addresses what happens to man when they are taken out of civilization. The book begins with a plane that is filled with British school boys that crashes on an abandoned island. Since there are no adults with them on the island, the boys are forced to create their own civil society which slowly falls apart throughout the novel.In the novel Golding states that the boys are becoming uncivilized when they talk about the beast and what it is, the murder of Piggy, and the hunting of Ralph. One way the boys are becoming less civilized is when they start to fear that there is a beast on the island. For example Golding writes, â€Å"In a moment the platform was full of arguing and gesticulating shadows to, Ralph, seated, this seemed the breaking up of sanity. Fear, beast, no general a greement that the fire was all important†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (88).This shows that the boys have lost their sense of worldly reason of the world and their fear has now created the ‘Beast’ that roams within the sea. It also shows that they have so much fear that they have no agreement to have the fire keep going so they can be rescued. Later in the story the children chant, â€Å"‘Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! Do him in! ’†¦The beast was on its knees in the center, its arms folded over its face. It was crying out against the abominable noise, something about a body on the hill.The beast struggled forward, broke the ring, and fell over the steep edge of the rock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (153). This shows that they boys are overcome by the fear of the beast they turn to a primitive state to deal with this fear and they kill the beast without knowing it was Simon. This act shows in their rage against the beast they don’t hear Simon as he tries to tell the boys there is no beast while they are stabbing him. These quotes clearly lay out how the boys become more savage like from their fear of the ‘beast’ on the island. Another way that the boys were becoming uncivilized is when they murdered Piggy.For example, once the boys break into two tribes, â€Å"Jack had backed right against the tribe and they were a solid menace that bristled with spears. The intention of a charge was forming among them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (180). This shows that they are becoming uncivilized because when Piggy is talking he’s saying that if it is beater to be savages than having law and order the hunters are about to attack them. Also it shows that Jack and his hunters have converted to savagery. In addition Golding describes the murderess act, â€Å"High overhead, Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever† (180).This shows that Roger has no reason for what he is going to do, he’s actin g on impulse. Also its shows that they have lost everything that is good to man and now they have become savages. These examples demonstrate the extreme loss of a civilized behavior. Another example of the boys becoming less uncivilized is when they and hunt Ralph so they can kill him. For example Samneric are talking, â€Å"I dunno. And Ralph, Jack, the chief says it’ll be dangerous—and we’ve got to be careful; and throw our spears like at a pig† (188). This shows that the boys have no sympathy for taking a human life.Also it shows that the boys are going to hunt Ralph as if he was an animal. In addition Ralph talks to Samneric and continue to explain, â€Å"‘What are you going to do—? From the top of the towering rock came the incomprehensible reply. ‘Roger sharpened a stick at both ends,† (180). This shows that the boys have no lost their sanity and now they are complete savages. They transposed from having law and order to be ing savages so they can kill Ralph. In conclusion, the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding illustrates the boy’s loss of civilization.When the boys talk about the beast and fear it, they become less civilized because they would stop at nothing to kill the beast and push back the time of being rescued further. The death of piggy illustrates the boy’s loss of civilized behavior because they have no remorse for taking the life of a human being. The have completely lost their civilized behavior because they hunt Ralph and they would stop at nothing to kill him cause he is seen as a threat to Jacks new, wild society. When human beings are taken from society over time they will become savage like and lose reason for what they do. Lord of the Flies ‘Lord of the Flies’ is frequently read as the story of changing identities. The plot gives an opportunity to trace the process, in which several boys turn into savage beasts on an isolated island. These changes do not occur overnight, but are accompanied by a series of profound implications, which make the story extremely realistic and teaching. In this essay I will turn my attention to exploring this process of losing identity and ultimate human devastation. ‘Lord of the Flies’ is the narration about the three identities, lost through violence, savageness, and inner moral conflict. Identity loss as the leading theme of the book The loss of identity among boys and their ultimate moral devastation is the major conflict of the book. Golding was extremely interested in investigating the inner causes and complications of such identity loss. It is difficult to justify these irreversible changes by external conditions in which the boys found themselves, yet for someone this justification may seem possible. The fight between their freedom and self-control has become the biggest challenge the boys had to face. In this fight self-control was tragically defeated, giving place to wildness, cruelty, desolation and violence. The humans are weak under the rays of freedom which are colored with unreason and the desire to hurt. Those boys have become the brightest depiction of the traditional human identity, regularly exposed to temptations which it cannot stand. Ralph and his changing identity ‘Ralph too was fighting to get near, to get a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering.’[1] Ralph’s presence on the island led him to the state when he could not control his premature instincts anymore. The outstanding feature of Ralph’s personality in this story is that he experienced the loss of his identity twice: the first took place when he appeared on the island, and the second occurred after he was elected the leader and could not successfully hold that position. The change which occurred to Ralph could be connected to some magic spell of the island, but unfortunately this change found its reasonable explanation. Ralph was a well-bred and disciplined young boy, but being on an island without any adults significantly contributes into his identity loss. He could not perform the role of the leader and reasonably recognized the difficulties of being without parents. The loss of his leadership identity made him realize his ineffectiveness which he tried to compensate through cruelty and violence. ‘Ralph went for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy.’[2] The moment when Ralph sees the officer and realizes that his life is saved, becomes the culmination of his devastation: he simultaneously perceives the irreversibility of his change and the power of evil which exists in every human soul. Jack as the symbol of release from former identities Jack is completely different from Ralph; he is not subjected to reflecting upon the despair of his identity loss. ‘I’m scared of him, and that’s why I know him. If you’re scared of someone you hate him but you can’t stop thinking about him. You kid yourself he’s all right really, an’ them when you see him again; it’s like asthma an’ you can’t breathe.’[3] In his identity loss and devastation Jack has gone beyond reasonable measures, making the other boys afraid of him. He has demonstrated his ill nature to the fullest. Through his example, the reader reveals the tragic truth: human evil does not have any measures. The mask which he used in hunting, in reality was ‘a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness.’[4] He was unreasonable enough to call for disregarding his leadership, which broke one of the major human principles, and led to disorder and freedom to fight with each other. Piggy: a tragic victim of his identity loss Out of the three major characters, Piggy is the most civilized, and the biggest victim of the identity loss among the boys. This may put a contradictory tint onto the whole discussion: the reader risks thinking that reason cannot lead to any positive outcomes. Yet, this assumption is deceptive. Piggy’s age and appearance (glasses, in particular) turn him into an outcast from the start. His identity is lost through the efforts of others: he is called fatty, and he is mocked on for wearing glasses. These glasses are inseparable from his identity, as they let him watch the world in its true colors. As soon as they are taken by other boys to make the fire, he realizes that blindness and identity loss are synonymic. The loss of his identity has not led to devastation: it has led to his death which made him the victim of those who had lost their identities earlier. ‘How can you expect to be rescued if you don’t put first things first and act proper?’[5] The tragic character of Piggy’s identity loss is that it did not stem from Piggy’s character but was urged by other’s cruelty. He was the only person who lost his identity through his death. Conclusion The process of identity loss leading to devastation starts from the moment boys appear on the island. They do not display any strivings towards rescuing themselves, but prefer swimming in the lagoon. They hide their faces behind the masks, and hide from consciousness, shame, and reason. Their education is turned into primitiveness – the brightest sign of identity loss. Trying to kill the boar and dancing around it in the blood dance is the scene at which transformation into savages and as a result, identity loss is completed. There is no way back towards being civilized. The gradual degradation which all boys experienced broke all connections with their previous world. The appearance of the officer on the island has indicated total devastation of the boys’ moral identity. BIBLIOGRAPHY GOLDING, William, Lord of the Fli [1] W. Golding, Lord of the Flies, Penguin Non-Classics, 1999, p. 103. [2] ibid.,   p. 184. [3] ibid., p. 83. [4] ibid., p. 55. [5] ibid., p. 38. Lord of the Flies Bianca Adams Ms. Knapp Honors English 16 April 2013 Lord of the Flies: Formal Essay The Bible is the number one selling book in the world almost every year. Christianity has had a huge influence on literature, and music today. A commonly known rapper named Tupac often uses God in his music. For example in his song â€Å"Only God Can Judge Me† he says â€Å"Oh my Lord, tell me what I'm livin for everybody’s droppin got me knockin on heaven's door.Even though American Schools are secular environments, the Bible is still often represented in the curriculum. In the novel there are many ways to show that there’s an allegory towards the Bible. For example, William Golding uses his characters in the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† to symbolize Biblical ideas. In chapter 1 when the plane crashes with the choir boys, Ralph removes his clothes and bathes in the water, which shows an act of Baptism. Baptism is something that happens so your sins can be washed away.Al so the snake thing being referred to all the time in the book can relate to Satan in the garden of Eden. Satan often described himself as serpent. But unlike Adam & Eve the boys from the plane crash were mistaken about the creature. They were even unable to recognize the danger of evil within themselves that propels them to violence. Such as torturing the pigs in such a cruel way just to satisfy their hunger. Simon is the Christ figure Lord of the Flies Daniel Santana Mrs. Caston English CP9, Period 1 6/6/12 Essay for LORD OF THE FLIES When man is taken or is separated from civilization, man can become primitive. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding addresses what happens to man when they are taken out of civilization. The book begins with a plane that is filled with British school boys that crashes on an abandoned island. Since there are no adults with them on the island, the boys are forced to create their own civil society which slowly falls apart throughout the novel.In the novel Golding states that the boys are becoming uncivilized when they talk about the beast and what it is, the murder of Piggy, and the hunting of Ralph. One way the boys are becoming less civilized is when they start to fear that there is a beast on the island. For example Golding writes, â€Å"In a moment the platform was full of arguing and gesticulating shadows to, Ralph, seated, this seemed the breaking up of sanity. Fear, beast, no general a greement that the fire was all important†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (88).This shows that the boys have lost their sense of worldly reason of the world and their fear has now created the ‘Beast’ that roams within the sea. It also shows that they have so much fear that they have no agreement to have the fire keep going so they can be rescued. Later in the story the children chant, â€Å"‘Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! Do him in! ’†¦The beast was on its knees in the center, its arms folded over its face. It was crying out against the abominable noise, something about a body on the hill.The beast struggled forward, broke the ring, and fell over the steep edge of the rock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (153). This shows that they boys are overcome by the fear of the beast they turn to a primitive state to deal with this fear and they kill the beast without knowing it was Simon. This act shows in their rage against the beast they don’t hear Simon as he tries to tell the boys there is no beast while they are stabbing him. These quotes clearly lay out how the boys become more savage like from their fear of the ‘beast’ on the island. Another way that the boys were becoming uncivilized is when they murdered Piggy.For example, once the boys break into two tribes, â€Å"Jack had backed right against the tribe and they were a solid menace that bristled with spears. The intention of a charge was forming among them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (180). This shows that they are becoming uncivilized because when Piggy is talking he’s saying that if it is beater to be savages than having law and order the hunters are about to attack them. Also it shows that Jack and his hunters have converted to savagery. In addition Golding describes the murderess act, â€Å"High overhead, Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever† (180).This shows that Roger has no reason for what he is going to do, he’s actin g on impulse. Also its shows that they have lost everything that is good to man and now they have become savages. These examples demonstrate the extreme loss of a civilized behavior. Another example of the boys becoming less uncivilized is when they and hunt Ralph so they can kill him. For example Samneric are talking, â€Å"I dunno. And Ralph, Jack, the chief says it’ll be dangerous—and we’ve got to be careful; and throw our spears like at a pig† (188). This shows that the boys have no sympathy for taking a human life.Also it shows that the boys are going to hunt Ralph as if he was an animal. In addition Ralph talks to Samneric and continue to explain, â€Å"‘What are you going to do—? From the top of the towering rock came the incomprehensible reply. ‘Roger sharpened a stick at both ends,† (180). This shows that the boys have no lost their sanity and now they are complete savages. They transposed from having law and order to be ing savages so they can kill Ralph. In conclusion, the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding illustrates the boy’s loss of civilization.When the boys talk about the beast and fear it, they become less civilized because they would stop at nothing to kill the beast and push back the time of being rescued further. The death of piggy illustrates the boy’s loss of civilized behavior because they have no remorse for taking the life of a human being. The have completely lost their civilized behavior because they hunt Ralph and they would stop at nothing to kill him cause he is seen as a threat to Jacks new, wild society. When human beings are taken from society over time they will become savage like and lose reason for what they do. Lord of the Flies KOURTNIE MCLAURIN ENGLISH 4 DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY: LORD OF THE FLIES MAIN CHARACTER: RALPH Lord of the Flies is a novel by author William Golding. Lord of the Flies story line is about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves, with disastrous results. The setting takes place on an unnamed island, during a nuclear war. The book sets out their descent into brutality, left to them in an exquisite country, far from modern civilization, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.Ralph, one of the older boys, is the protagonist of the novel who at first is overjoyed to be on a tropical island free from adult restraints. He is neither the smartest nor the strongest but has a kind of quiet charisma and good looks. He tries to keep the boys focused on trained order and the rules of civilization but loses his authority and almost his life to Jack’s, the antagonist of the story, seizure of power. By nature, he is an innocent, mild- temp ered boy who accepts leadership when it is thrown at him. He portrayed as a democratic leader who tries to keep the boys together on the island.Ralph has courage when the occasion demands it, but he really longs for the secure world of grown-ups, especially when order starts breaking down on the island. He dreams about a rescue and insists the signal fire burn at all times so that they can be seen. There’s conflict. Ralph knows that the main reason for the disorder on the island is Jack, representation of evil in the novel. There is a constant conflict between the two boys. Ralph stands for civilized ideals, while Jack leads a tribe of savages and lapses into primitive rituals. In the midst of the savagery, Ralph holds on to rationality and the hope of rescue.There is only one occasion when Ralph lapses into mild savagery; it occurs when he joins the ritual dance at the feast, the same feast where Simon is killed. The guilt that Ralph experiences as an outcome of his being a part of Simon's death is unbearable. It forces him to totally accept the fallen nature of all mankind. Armed with the truth, like Simon before him, he becomes the hunted animal, full of desperation and despair. Only civilization, which appears in the form of the naval officer, can save Ralph from the savagery that surrounds him. Lord of the Flies Bianca Adams Ms. Knapp Honors English 16 April 2013 Lord of the Flies: Formal Essay The Bible is the number one selling book in the world almost every year. Christianity has had a huge influence on literature, and music today. A commonly known rapper named Tupac often uses God in his music. For example in his song â€Å"Only God Can Judge Me† he says â€Å"Oh my Lord, tell me what I'm livin for everybody’s droppin got me knockin on heaven's door.Even though American Schools are secular environments, the Bible is still often represented in the curriculum. In the novel there are many ways to show that there’s an allegory towards the Bible. For example, William Golding uses his characters in the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† to symbolize Biblical ideas. In chapter 1 when the plane crashes with the choir boys, Ralph removes his clothes and bathes in the water, which shows an act of Baptism. Baptism is something that happens so your sins can be washed away.Al so the snake thing being referred to all the time in the book can relate to Satan in the garden of Eden. Satan often described himself as serpent. But unlike Adam & Eve the boys from the plane crash were mistaken about the creature. They were even unable to recognize the danger of evil within themselves that propels them to violence. Such as torturing the pigs in such a cruel way just to satisfy their hunger. Simon is the Christ figure Lord of the flies Slipping Away William Gilding states â€Å"†¦ The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the Individual. † In Lord of the Flies when he brings two tribes of boys together to sustain an island surrounded by evil (204). Upon analyzing Gildings characters, we can see that the boys stranded on the island are willing to do anything to anyone in order to survive. Despite the evil in Roger and Jack, the innocence and good in Piggy and Ralph surfaces.When we look at the way Gilding describes the boys on the Island, we can all twice the change within all of them. In the beginning of the novel the kids are innocent British school boys, but later Jack transforms into a child whoso obsessed with hunting. Jack is only interested in torturing and killing the pig when he â€Å"raised his spear and sneaked forward† (135). Just how much one can change because of their surroundings. Ralph and Jack have tension between them most of the time because Ralph can clearly se e the transformation within Jack.Because of the darkness In Jack, it highlights the Innocence In Piggy when he believes â€Å"[they'd] hurt he next telling. ,. And that's [him]† (93). Piggy feels that without any reason no one would survive on the island. Because of the chaos on the island, Piggy's constantly paranoid. In a world of destruction, the worst comes out from the good. As we observe Roger, we can infer the changes he comes across. As Jack and Roger are trying to kill Ralph, they set the island on fire. When the twins are being held captive by Roger, they explain to Ralph how â€Å"they hate [him]† (188).Jack and Roger were childish enough to set their environment on fire Just to get what they want. They want the rest of the boys to be on their side and in order to do that they have to exile Ralph. Clinton 2 While Jack and Roger are trying to find Ralph, Sam n Eric find him first and warn him how â€Å"[Rorer's] a terror† (189). Roger is the one in cha rge of murdering Ralph or Jack would be the one â€Å"sharpening the stick. † The island Is obviously changing more than one of the boys. Not only do bad things happen to good people, but good people can turn bad.When Piggy and Ralph find the rest of the boys, Ralph starts mentally hurting Piggy. Piggy's insecurities show when they talk about him â€Å"being called Piggy† (25). With this Ralph goes behind Piggy's back and tells the tribe his name is â€Å"Piggy. † Ralph is displaying his callousness to Piggy now that the rest of the boys are there. He's trying to come off's the leader type for the first time impression. In the same scene when thieve Introducing themselves, Ralph continues to push Piggy around by telling him to â€Å"go back, and take names. That's your job. So long† (157).Ralph turns bossy and thinks he can tell everyone what to do and how to do it. Piggy feels that Ralph thinks he's better than him to show off for the rest of the tribe. Ralph believes that now he's chief he doesn't have to do any of the hard work and he can make everyone else do it. All Piggy wants is for Ralph to have his back and be his friend. However, Plays being the only voice of reason makes him the weak target. In the speak† (44). The rest of the boys believe they can push piggy around. He feels unwanted and nobody understands him and his needs.He notices Ralph becoming angry when he's constantly shouting â€Å"shut up† at him. Not only does Piggy have ideas to get off the island alive, but nobody acknowledges him. He believes they are turning against each other and attacking. The tribes think being on the island is a lot of fun. Piggy thinks â€Å"rules are they only thing [they've] got† (91). Piggy Just wants to be friends with everyone, but since they pick on him and Hess so gullible, that can't happen. He thinks â€Å"the world is slipping away' when the boys become something they aren't (204).Ultimately, the good in Ralph and Piggy comes out do to the darkness in Jack and Roger. In the novel, William Gilding places two tribes of boy to survive the evil within themselves on an Clinton 3 island. They need to be able to handle themselves and each other in order to get off the island alive. William Gilding discusses how â€Å"the theme is an attempt to trace the defects of human society back to the defects of human nature† (204). He figured that if he put a group of boys in the wild to survive with only the clothes on their backs, they would turn into savages. Lord of the Flies Bianca Adams Ms. Knapp Honors English 16 April 2013 Lord of the Flies: Formal Essay The Bible is the number one selling book in the world almost every year. Christianity has had a huge influence on literature, and music today. A commonly known rapper named Tupac often uses God in his music. For example in his song â€Å"Only God Can Judge Me† he says â€Å"Oh my Lord, tell me what I'm livin for everybody’s droppin got me knockin on heaven's door.Even though American Schools are secular environments, the Bible is still often represented in the curriculum. In the novel there are many ways to show that there’s an allegory towards the Bible. For example, William Golding uses his characters in the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† to symbolize Biblical ideas. In chapter 1 when the plane crashes with the choir boys, Ralph removes his clothes and bathes in the water, which shows an act of Baptism. Baptism is something that happens so your sins can be washed away.Al so the snake thing being referred to all the time in the book can relate to Satan in the garden of Eden. Satan often described himself as serpent. But unlike Adam & Eve the boys from the plane crash were mistaken about the creature. 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DISCUSS THE AETIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH RESPECT TO ITS PRESENTATION IN THE FOOT - Essay Example The disease, which lasts over a long period of time, can cause damage to cartilage, bone, tendons and ligaments (DynoMed.com, 2000). Foot deformities are very common in RA. These deformities may affect patient functional foot, especially hallux rigidus and calcaneal valgus (Bal, et al. 2006). Human foot is more susceptible to arthritis because the human foot contains 33 joints. About 90 percent of RA patients will complain of problems with the midfoot and forefoot while 67 percent will have problems with the hindfoot and ankle. The ankle is usually the last joint to be involved with RA (DynoMed.com, 2000). RA causes inflammation in the lining (synovium) of joints, most often the joints of the feet. The most common symptoms of RA in the foot are pain, swelling, and stiffness. Symptoms usually appear in several joints on both feet. The signs of inflammation can also include a feeling of warmth around affected joints. In some patients, chronic inflammation results in damage to the cartilage and bones in the joint. Serious damage can lead to permanent joint destruction, deformity, and disability (FootPhysicans.com, 2007). With the progress in the disease the feeling of pain in the joint or in the sole or ball of the foot will increase. The joint may be warm and the way the patient walk may be affected. In addition the patient may develop corns or bunions, and the toes can begin to curl and stiffen in positions called claw toe or hammer toe. Corns, or even ulcers, may develop on the foot. Metatarsalgia, a general term for pain in the sole or the ball of the foot, is also very common. This indicates that RA is affecting the metatarsal joints of the toes. Hindfoot and ankle pain often involves the posterior tibial tendon. The ankle itself is usually the last joint in the foot to be involved with RA (DynoMed.com, 2000). As the disease progresses in the foot region, the joint space becomes narrow and bone begins to rub on bone, leading to painful arthritis. Besides, deformities may occur resulting in loosening of the ligaments and capsule lining of the joint. If the housing of the joint or the capsule loosens up considerably, the joints mostly in front of the foot may dislocate. This can cause painful swelling on the bottom of the ball of the foot that can make walking even more terribly uncomfortable. Later the big toe begins to deviate and bunions may form on the inside of the big toe (footandankle.mdmercy.com, N.D.). In cases where the hindfoot (back of the foot) and ankle are affected, the bones may shift position in the joints. This can cause the long arch on the bottom of your foot to collapse (flatfoot), resulting in severe pain and difficulty walking. Because RA affects the entire system, the patient may also feel feverish, tire easily, and lose appetite (AAOS, 2001). AETIOLOGY The exact cause for RA is still unknown, but there are many thoughts about what might contribute to it. A sudden and traumatic injury such as a broken bone, torn ligament, or ankle sprain can cause the injured joint to become arthritic in the future. According to Cotran et al, (1994)"...RA is triggered by exposure of an immuno-genetically susceptible host to an arthritogenic microbial antigen". Heredity, or the genes from the parents, may be a determining factor in who gets rheumatoid arthritis. Roth explains that this "genetic predisposition appears to be related to the

Is It Convincing to Propose That Matter Can Have Agency Research Paper

Is It Convincing to Propose That Matter Can Have Agency - Research Paper Example There are also scholars who argue that matter does not have agency. They say that it is individuals and societies who tend to ascribe some kind of agency to matter, but that is limited to continuums of time and space. The substance of this paper is to examine in depth the assertion in Sociology that matter has agency or a life of its own so to speak. This is understood in the context that human beings tend to attribute life-like characteristics to inanimate objects which give them conventionally accepted life and functional forms that they did not have initially. This paper delves into the extent of truth about this assertion that matter does have agency. Meaning of Matter in Social Life Human beings is essentially social beings. They do not exist on their own even if they do make individual decisions at times. In order to augment their existence, they inevitably use matter. Take the cross for example; in Christian ideology, the cross symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus Christ by the Roman authorities in order to enable the salvation of mankind from sin. However, in a much wider sense, the presence of the cross on a building has become an insignia of Christianity as a religion (Christiano, 2008, 228). Another much-explored meaning of matter in sociology is on the question of security. The passport is considered an important document of identification in international travel. Once a passport is handed over at an airport, there are coded messages in it in the form of barcodes which can be read by a computer to establish identity. Moreover, there is an attached photograph and writings which identify the holder. A lot of communication takes place between the passport and the security agent examining without any input from the passport holder. As such the passport is capable to communicate on its own just as if it were a person (Carter, Simon, 2008, 8). These examples are seen as giving the cross and passport a life of their own independent of the people immediately using them. Since they both play an important role in social life; the cross being an agent of Christian identity and belief and the passport being an agent of individual identity and right of getting through a checkpoint; they are both seen as having agency (Carter, Simon, 2008, 8). An important factor to consider in analyzing this role of matter as having agency is the issue of individuality. An individual is a constant factor of sociological analysis. Though there is raging controversy on whether an individual is the basic unit of sociological analysis or there is no such thing as an individual outside the social setting; the bottom line is that any society is made up of individuals. Certain circumstances, like moving through customs, force persons to present themselves as individuals even if they are in a family group. Individuality is, therefore, an inevitable aspect of human existence and identity (Carter, Simon, 2008, 9-10). The passport helps in identifying the human person as an individual. At an airport, even in a family group, an individual has to produce his own passport which identifies him only and not as part of the larger group. Yet the individual is shaped by society and in sociology is therefore seen as part of the larger social group. To sociologists, therefore, the individual is always seen as part and parcel of the society that shapes his character and world view.

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Example for Free

Safelite Glass Performance Pay Essay Before executives undertake to design a performance pay plan (PPP), they should carefully think about the objectives that they want employees to pursue. In Safelite case, they want to increase installers’ productivity, create loyalty among its largely transient workforce and combat the industry’s traditionally high turnover rate. A good PPP should address all those problems. PPP should have a good measurement for the performance to the people who is eligible to the plan. They should also try to eliminate the factors which can affect installers’ productivity but not under installers’ control. Otherwise, piece rate will let installers feel unsecure. A potential problem with Safelite Glass’ proposed PPP is that installers could be misled to pursue installing quantities over qualities. One can imagine that poorly installed glass can, over time, adversely impact Safelite’s reputation as a quality installer. That, in the long run, will hurt the company/shareholders’ best interest. The cost for the measurement should not be too high. If incentive plan do improve productivity, it can be self-funded in that profit gains or cost savings can be used for bonus payouts. Before and after PPP installation, surveys are good approach to find out employee’s satisfaction to the new plan. Base on the survey results, necessary changes will help establish a better PPP to build up loyalty. A good PPP should incentive better workers to stay. Overall: be smart, as you get what you pay for.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Essay Example for Free

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Essay All throughout the history of our great nation, there have been many leaders who left their mark with their invaluable contribution. I could very proudly name many such leaders starting from our very own â€Å"Bapu†, or Chacha Nehru or Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. But one such great leader whom I would like to talk about today was arguably the most powerful leader who followed the footsteps of Mahatma Gandhi and gave shape to form ONE robust union from numerous small big princely states. The robust union whom we call â€Å"INDIA† – our great nation. He was the architect to bring unite people from Kashmir to Kanyakumari and from Junagadh to Guwahati to form our great nation. Respected Teachers Friends, I am talking about none other than The Iron Man of India, who was called as â€Å"SARDAR† respectfully by everybody although his real name was Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel. He was born on 31 October 1875 in Nadiad, British India. He was a lawyer by profession before he joined the congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. He and Bapu were the best of friends. He fought relentlessly the freedom struggle with Mahatma Gandhi and made his presence felt during the non co-operative movement. He went on to become the president of Congress Party and led the freedom struggle aggressively under the guidance of mahatma Gandhi. Just before independence he stepped down from the post of president at the request of Mahatma Gandhi, although all state units of the Congress Party wanted him to continue. He was the strong leader who picked up the challenge of integrating all princely states and territories including difficult one like Hyderabad and Junagadh and form our great nation. He became the first Home Minister of Independent India and he is still considered to be the best Home Minister ever. Apart from his political victories he also empowered the poor milk f armers from Anand Region who were getting exploited at the hands of middleman cartels. He showed them the path to form a CO-Operative society which will buy, process and sell their milk at fair price which can bring prosperity to their life. That CO-Operative movement went on to become the biggest Indian Brand in the world for food products the Brand which we all know as AMUL The seeds of amul were sawn by our very own Sardar. After suffering a massive heart attack (his second), he died on 15 December 1950 at Birla House in Bombay. His death is a huge loss to the Indian Society.

Partial Rate of Diffusion of Potassium Dichromate

Partial Rate of Diffusion of Potassium Dichromate ABSTRACT Diffusion is the process where molecules spread into spaces. It was observed that the formation of ammonium chloride was near the hydrochloric acid meaning the ammonia diffused faster. One factor that affects the rate of it is the molecular weight of a substance. If molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. To test this factor, a drop of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue were placed on each wells of the petri dish containing agar water gel. After thirty minutes, the partial rate and average rate of diffusion are calculated and the results showed that the substance with the lowest molecular weight, potassium permanganate, diffuses fastest. The molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, the lighter the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion and vice versa. The molecular weight of the substance is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION Diffusion is the process where the molecules of solid, liquid or gas spread spontaneously to occupy a space. Gas molecules are the fastest to diffuse since their molecules are scattered from one another. The molecules of diffusion moves randomly and they spread into available space (Mendoza E, 2003). Hydrochloric acid is formed by mixture of hydrogen ion and chlorine ion. According to the Lewis’ theory of acids and bases, hydrochloric acid is an acid because an element (chlorine) was paired to a hydrogen ion and when it is dissolved in water, it produces hydrogen ion (Ebbing and Gammon, 2011). A 0.1M of hydrochloric acid has a pH level of 1 meaning it is strong enough to dissolved iron nails (Mendoza E, 2003). Hydrochloric acid has a molecular weight of about 36.46 g/mol and can be found inside our stomach because it helps on the digestion of the food we eat (Reece et al, 2005). Ammonium hydroxide is a base because it produces hydroxide ion when dissolves in water. The ammonium hydroxide decomposes forming ammonia and water. In a decomposition reaction, a compound turns into simpler substances or elements. The ammonia has a molecular weight of about 17.031 g/mol and water has about 18g/mol (Mendoza E, 2003). When ammonium hydroxide breaks down into ammonia and water, since hydrochloric acid is an acid, when it is dissolved in water, it will produce hydrogen ion. On the other hand, the chlorine ion(C ) will react with ammonia (N). This reaction is called synthesis reaction (HCl + N O → NCl + +O) (Mendoza E, 2003). From the reaction, ammonium chloride is produced by the synthesis of ammonia and chlorine ion. The ammonia and hydrochloric acid spread to available space until they meet. After they met, a reaction of white powder is formed. The ring is near to the hydrochloric acid compare to the ammonia (France C. 2014) There are many factors that affect the rate of diffusion. When heat is applied, the molecules moves quicker, making the solute dissolves faster. The diffusion rate also increased by stirring where molecules move faster between the molecules of water. Diffusion is also affected by the density of the solvent where diffusion is slower when it has a higher density (Lozano Sandico, 2003). Molecular weight also affects the rate of diffusion. Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavy particles It has an inverse proportionality where the smaller the size of the particles, the faster the rate of diffusion (Tro, 2008). The difference in concentration can affect the rate of diffusion too. The distance of diffusion also affects the rate of it where it takes time to diffuse a particle for farther place. Permeability is also a factor of diffusion where if the substance does not permit a substance to pass through it, thus, there will be no diffusion (Meyertholen E., 2014) Based on the observation, the ammonium hydroxide decomposed into ammonia (N) and water (O), while the hydrochloric acid decomposed into hydrogen ion() and chlorine ion (C). A single displacement had occurred from the ammonia and hydrochloric acid, forming ammonium chloride (NCl). This substance appeared in the tube in the presence of a white smoke. With this, data were obtained to know how molecular weight affects the diffusion of a certain substance. As seen in table 4.1, comparing the ratio of the distances from the two substances up to the smoke over the total distance, the ratio of the ammonia are bigger than the ratio of the hydrochloric acid. But on the first trial, the ratio of hydrochloric acid over total distance is bigger by 0.2cm compared to the ammonia. Using the formula, the ratio of the ammonia over the ratio of hydrochloric acid is used to get the average ratio. With ammonia having a molecular weight of about 17.031 g/mol and the hydrochloric acid having a molecular we ight of about 36.46 g/mol, the lighter the molecular weight of the substance, the faster the diffusion is. However, the molecules of the substances on the observation cannot be seen. Table 4.1. The ratios of the distances from the hydrochloric acid over total distance, from the ammonia over total distance, and ammonia over hydrochloric acid. Trial Distance(cm) (d) Total Distance (D) Ratio d HCl d N 1 19.2 18.7 37.9 0.51 0.49 0.96 2 15.0 20.5 35.5 0.42 0.58 1.38 3 16.8 20.0 36.8 0.46 0.54 1.17 4 17.5 18.5 36.0 0.49 0.51 1.04 This study aimed to determine how molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion. The specific objectives are: To explain the relationship between molecular weight and the rate of diffusion of a certain substance. To prove if molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS To find out if the molecular weight of a substance affects the rate of diffusion, a petri dish of agar water gel with three wells, potassium dichromate (C), potassium permanganate (KMn), and methylene blue were used. The diameter of each well is measured in millimetre using a ruler. Then, a drop of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue were dropped on each wells of the petri dish containing agar water gel. It was immediately covered to prevent it from drying. At a three-minute interval for thirty minutes, by lifting the petri dish, the diameter of the coloured area is measured. Using the collected data in the setup, a line graph was used to compare the rate of each substance’s diffusion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION On the experiment, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish were used to determine the partial rate and the average rate of diffusion. After 30 minutes of observing, the diameter of the potassium permanganate has the biggest among the rest which is 14, compared to the potassium dichromate which is 12 and to methylene blue which is 11. The average rate of diffusion is calculated by the formula: Where: df= final diameter do= initial diameter t= total time While the partial diffusion rate is calculated by the formula Where: dx=diameter at a given time dx-1= diameter immediately before dx tx= time when dx measured tx-1= time immediately before tx Table 4.2. Rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish for 30 minutes. Time (Minute) Diameter (mm) Potassium Permanganate (MW 158g/mol) Potassium Dichromate (MW 294g/mol) Methylene blue (MW 374g/mol) 0 3 3 3 3 6 5 5 6 8 7 6 9 10 8 7 12 11 9 7 15 12 9 8 18 12 10 9 21 13 10 9 24 13 11 10 27 13 11 10 30 14 12 11 Table 4.3. Partial rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish for 30 minutes. Time elapsed (minute) Partial rates of diffusion(mm/min) Potassium Permanganate (MW 158g/mol) Potassium Dichromate (MW 294g/mol) Methylene blue (MW 374g/mol) 3 1.00 0.67 0.67 6 0.67 0.67 0.33 9 0.67 0.33 0.33 12 0.33 0.33 0.00 15 0.33 0.00 0.33 18 0.00 0.33 0.33 21 0.33 0.00 0.00 24 0.00 0.33 0.33 27 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.33 0.33 0.33 Average rate of diffusion (mm/min.) 0.367 0.300 0.267 Figure 4.3. A bar graph comparing the average rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish. Figure 4.4. A bar graph comparing the partial rate of diffusion of potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and methylene blue in agar-water gel inside the petri dish. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION To test the hypothesis, an experiment was performed to test if the molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, then, the higher or lower the molecular weight the slower or faster the rate of diffusion. An observation using a glass rod to measure the distance on how far the particles of the hydrochloric acid and ammonia travelled until both of them had a chemical reaction producing ammonium chloride. Ammonia that has 17.031 g/mol travelled faster than the hydrochloric acid that has 36.46 g/mol. The experiment was done to support the observation because it is more clearly and visible to the naked eye because the diffusion can be observe in this setup. The potassium permanganate having a diameter of 14 is the biggest among them. The average rate of diffusion of each substances was calculated and the result is potassium permanganate has the fastest rate of 0.367mm/min. potassium permanganate has the lightest molecular weight of 158g/mol. Based from the setup that was performed, the substance that has the lightest molecular weight has the fastest rate of diffusion. This study confirmed the hypothesis where the molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, the lighter the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion and vice versa. The molecular weight of the substance is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion. However, some errors were made during the experiment like the unequal amounts of the substances placed in the petri dish, methylene blue was spilled from the well, and the three substances are not measured at exactly every three minutes. This study needs further research because there are also other factors other than the molecular weight that could affect the rate of diffusion. It is recommended to research and study other factors that can affect the rate of diffusion. LITERATURE CITED Cain, M.L., Jackson, R.B., Minorsky, P.V., Reece, J.B., Urry L.A., and Wasserman, S.A.2011. Campbell Biology 9th Edition. USA: Pearson Education Inc. p. 53. Ebbing,D. and Gammon, S. D. 2009. General Chemistry Enhanced Edition. USA: Cengage Learning Inc. p. 143-144. France C. 2014. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Information retrieval. http://gcsescience.com/e17- ammonium-chloride-reversible.htm> Accessed October 12, 2014. Lozano L.F. and Sandico P.M. C.2003. Science and Technology for the Future II. Makati City: Diwa Learning System Inc. p. 110. Mendoza, E.E.2003. Phoenix Science Series Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p. 163, 244, 299, 305. Meyertholen E. 2014. Diffusion II: Information retrieval. http://austincc.edu/emeyerth/ diffuse2.htm> Accessed October 13, 2014. Tro, N. J.2008. A Molecular Approach.Oregon, USA: GEX Publishing Services. p. 229.   Ã‚  

Ethics for Nurses Essay -- Ethics, nursing, health care

This hypothetical situation illustrates a common problem faced by nurses, as the roles we serve can be multifaceted and demanding. It is often tempting to cut corners, especially if we feel there will be no actual harm done. This, however, does not justify professional misconduct nor allow us to expand our practice beyond our designated scope. Not only do the Nursing Practice Acts define our role as nurses, they also designate what nurses may not do. The purpose of the Nurse Practice Acts is to protect the patient from harm. The Nurse Practice Acts state that the scope of nursing does not include acts of medical diagnosis or the prescription of therapeutic or corrective measures as stated in section 301.002. Thus, by signing prescriptions for the physician the nurse went beyond her scope of practice. The ANA states, â€Å"When acting within one's role as a professional, the nurse recognizes and maintains boundaries that establish appropriate limits to relationships." Nurses must also abide by a code of ethics which can be found at the ANA website. Provision four states â€Å"the nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum care† (ANA code of ethics -2001). This means that the nurse is responsible for determining which tasks are appropriate. Even if the physician insists that she goes beyond her scope of practice it is still her responsibility to be accountable for her own actions. It is very important that nurses understand this standard since working under the hierarchy of a physician may make it tempting to follow their guidance rather than owning their own responsibilities. Statement three in the co... ...st us as we provide care and in order to do so we must understand our scope of care. Going beyond this scope could lead to dangerous consequences for the patient and cost the nurse their license to practice. Works Cited American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Silver Spring, Md: American Nurses Association; 2001. Code of Ethics for Nurses . (2001, January 1). American Nurses Association . Retrieved March 16, 2011, from http://nursingworld.org/MainMen The Texas Board of Nursing,(2009). Nursing practice act. Nursing peer review, nurse licensure compact, & advanced practice registered nurse compact. Austin, TX Watch your step: Nursing and professional boundaries. (2001, January 1). NursingCenter. Retrieved March 16, 2011, from http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/journalarticle.asp?article_id=696090#P11 Ethics for Nurses Essay -- Ethics, nursing, health care This hypothetical situation illustrates a common problem faced by nurses, as the roles we serve can be multifaceted and demanding. It is often tempting to cut corners, especially if we feel there will be no actual harm done. This, however, does not justify professional misconduct nor allow us to expand our practice beyond our designated scope. Not only do the Nursing Practice Acts define our role as nurses, they also designate what nurses may not do. The purpose of the Nurse Practice Acts is to protect the patient from harm. The Nurse Practice Acts state that the scope of nursing does not include acts of medical diagnosis or the prescription of therapeutic or corrective measures as stated in section 301.002. Thus, by signing prescriptions for the physician the nurse went beyond her scope of practice. The ANA states, â€Å"When acting within one's role as a professional, the nurse recognizes and maintains boundaries that establish appropriate limits to relationships." Nurses must also abide by a code of ethics which can be found at the ANA website. Provision four states â€Å"the nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum care† (ANA code of ethics -2001). This means that the nurse is responsible for determining which tasks are appropriate. Even if the physician insists that she goes beyond her scope of practice it is still her responsibility to be accountable for her own actions. It is very important that nurses understand this standard since working under the hierarchy of a physician may make it tempting to follow their guidance rather than owning their own responsibilities. Statement three in the co... ...st us as we provide care and in order to do so we must understand our scope of care. Going beyond this scope could lead to dangerous consequences for the patient and cost the nurse their license to practice. Works Cited American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Silver Spring, Md: American Nurses Association; 2001. Code of Ethics for Nurses . (2001, January 1). American Nurses Association . Retrieved March 16, 2011, from http://nursingworld.org/MainMen The Texas Board of Nursing,(2009). Nursing practice act. Nursing peer review, nurse licensure compact, & advanced practice registered nurse compact. Austin, TX Watch your step: Nursing and professional boundaries. (2001, January 1). NursingCenter. Retrieved March 16, 2011, from http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/journalarticle.asp?article_id=696090#P11

Luxury Consumption Essay -- Business, Online Private Shopping Clubs

This is a literature review of online private shopping clubs a subcategory of luxury consumption. In this review, I will provide a brief orientation of luxury consumption and give further information about the latest consumer trend online private shopping clubs. The trend will be described in great detail and analysed. The term â€Å"luxury† is routinely used in our everyday life to refer to products, services or a certain lifestyle, often without a clear understanding of the luxury concept as it takes on many forms for different people and is dependent on the experience and mood of the consumer (Wiedmann et al, 2009). However, according to Danziger (2005), luxury may be defined as something inessential, but conducive to pleasure and comfort. It is derived from the Latin word â€Å"luxuria†, meaning â€Å"excess† or the â€Å"extras of life† (Danziger 2005). With this view in mind, luxury consumption could thus be described as the consumption of any good(s) for which the simple use or display of a particular branded product brings esteem for its owner (Wiedmann et al 2009). According to Echikson (1994), people want quality and value, but if prices were lowered, they assume that you are lowering the value and the quality. It could therefore be said that the higher the pri ce of a good, the more it is assumed the good is of a high value. Online private shopping club is the latest innovation in the age of e-commerce and is particularly widespread in several countries like USA, Germany, Spain, UK, Turkey and France. It is simply the sale of luxury designer goods online at discount prices. Constantinides et al. (2010) cite Internet World Statistics which assert that there are more than 1.5 billion internet users and this has affected globalization, trad... ...instead it might gain momentum because many consumers seek luxurious quality products at discount prices and there is a need for consumers to be associated with luxury brands and value. In addition, it is a convenient method of shopping that saves time. The recession left a lasting impact on consumer’s choices and behaviour towards consumption. As a result, consumers are willing to go through any means to acquire luxury goods at discount prices even though in some cases, they don’t need the goods, but the mere fact it’s inexpensive is an incentive for them to purchase the products and this has promoted the trend. Venture capitalists and online retailers like Amazon are acquiring online private shopping club to avoid missing out on this trend (Palmer, 2010). This shows that the consumer trend online private shopping club will grow and expand further for some time.

Use of Symbols and Symbolism in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Use of Symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee effectively uses symbolism throughout her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Jem's nursing of the flowers denotes his courage that he nurses in order to be able to tolerate people's criticism of his family, especially of his father. He was forced to take care of the camellias just as he was forced to live with anger, disappointment and a big question mark in his young heart about the workings of grownups. Atticus "never thought Jem'd be the one to lose his head over this" (110). However Jem did 'lose his head' and now he has to find the strength to control his emotions in order to avoid further trouble. This courage was hard to find but Mrs Dubose did find it and managed to break herself from morphine before she died. She also made sure Jem got a white waxy camellia she had prepared for him. The waxy camellia, the "Snow-on-the-Mountain" (118), could be a symbol of courage. She built her spirit little by little just as when she was making the camellia. Now it is Jem's turn to build his own. And as the camellia out of wax does not wither, in the same sense, tru e courage may be hard to build, but once built, it never leaves you. Mrs Dubose's camellias are not the only flowers that can be seen symbolically. Mayella Ewell's red geraniums also carry an important meaning. During the Robinson trial the reader is given a description of the Ewell's property. It is said that "what passed for a fence was bits of tree-limbs , broomsticks and tool shafts, all tipped with rusty hammer-heads, snaggle-toothed rake heads, shovels, axes and grubbing hoes, held on with pieces of barbed wire. Enclosed by this barricade was a dirty yard containing the remains of a Model-T Ford, a discarded dentist's chair, an ancient ice-box, plus lesser items: old shoes, worn-out table radios, picture frames, and fruit jars, under which scrawny orange chickens pecked hopefully". (176) The general picture one acquires by this description is that of a small dump, a place totally disordered like the "playhouse of an insane child" (176). One can easily guess the rank of the people who lived there. However, "against the fence, in a lin e, were six chipped-enamel slop jars holding brilliant red geraniums, cared for as tenderly as if they belonged to Miss Maudie Atkinson.