Guy de Maupassant, Father of the Short Story

Guy de Maupassant, Father of the Short Story French writer Guy de Maupassant (August 5, 1850–July 6, 1893) wrote short stories such as The Necklace and Bel-Ami as well as poetry, novels, and newspaper articles. He was an author of the naturalist and realist schools of writing and is best known for his short stories, which are considered highly influential on much of modern literature. Fast Facts: Guy de Maupassant Known For: French author of short stories, novels, and poetryAlso Known As: Henri Renà © Albert Guy de Maupassant, Guy de Valmont, Joseph Prunier, MaufrigneuseBorn: August 5, 1850 in Tourville-sur-Arques,  FranceParents: Laure Le Poittevin, Gustave de MaupassantDied: July 6, 1893 in Passy,  Paris,  FranceEducation: Institution Leroy-Petit, in Rouen,  Lycà ©e Pierre-Corneille  in RouenPublished Works:  Boule de Suif, La Maison Tellier, The Necklace, A Piece of String,  Mademoiselle Fifi,  Miss Harriet,  My Uncle Jules,  Found on a Drowned Man, The Wreck, Une Vie, Bel-Ami, Pierre et JeanNotable Quote: If I could, I would stop the passage of time. But hour follows on hour, minute on minute, each second robbing me of a morsel of myself for the nothing of tomorrow. I shall never experience this moment again. Early Life Its believed de Maupassant was born at the Chà ¢teau de Miromesniel, Dieppe on Aug. 5, 1850. His paternal ancestors were noble, and his maternal grandfather Paul Le Poittevin was the artist Gustave Flauberts godfather. His parents separated when he was 11 years old after his mother, Laure Le Poittevin, left his father Gustave de Maupassant. She took custody of Guy and his younger brother, and it was her influence that led her sons to develop an appreciation for literature. But it was her friend Flaubert who opened doors for the budding young writer. Flaubert and de Maupassant Flaubert would prove to be a major influence on de Maupassants life and career.  Much like Flauberts paintings, de Maupassants stories told the plight of the lower classes. Flaubert took young Guy as a kind of protege, introducing him to significant writers of the day such as Emile Zola and Ivan Turgenev. It was through Flaubert that de Maupassant became familiar with (and part of) the naturalist school of writers, a style that would permeate nearly all of his stories. De Maupassant Writing Career From 1870-71, Guy de Maupassant served in the French Army. He then became a government clerk. He moved from Normandy to Paris after the war, and after leaving his clerkship in the French Navy he worked for several prominent French newspapers. In 1880, Flaubert published one of his most famous short stories Boule du Suif, about a prostitute pressured to provide her services to a Prussian officer. Perhaps his best-known work, The Necklace, tells the story of Mathilde, a working-class girl who borrows a necklace from a wealthy friend when she attends a high society party. Mathilde loses the necklace and works the rest of her life to pay for it, only discovering years later that it was a worthless piece of costume jewelry. Her sacrifices had been for nothing. This theme of a working-class person unsuccessfully trying to rise above their station was common in de Maupassants stories. Even though his writing career spanned barely a decade, Flaubert was prolific, writing some 300 short stories, three plays, six novels, and hundreds of newspaper articles. The commercial success of his writing made Flaubert famous and independently wealthy. De Maupassant Mental Illness At some point in his 20s, de Maupassant contracted syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that, if left untreated, leads to mental impairment. This is unfortunately what happened to de Maupassant. By 1890, the disease had started to cause increasingly strange behavior. Some critics have charted his developing mental illness through the subject matter of his stories. But de Maupassants horror fiction is only a small portion of his work, some 39 stories or so. But even these works had significance; Stephen Kings famous novel The Shining has been compared to Maupassants The Inn. Death After a gruesome suicide attempt in 1891 (he tried to cut his throat),  de Maupassant spent the last 18 months of his life in a Paris mental home, the celebrated private asylum of Dr. Espirit Blanche. The suicide attempt was believed to be a result of his impaired mental state. Legacy Maupassant is often described as the father of the modern short story- a literary form thats more condensed and immediate than the novel. His work was admired by his contemporaries and imitated by those who came after him. Some of the best-known authors for whom Maupassant was an inspiration include W. Somerset Maugham, O. Henry, and Henry James. Sources Dumesnil, Renà ©, and Martin Turnell. â€Å"Guy De Maupassant.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Aug. 2018.â€Å"Guy De Maupassant.†Ã‚  Short Stories and Classic Literature.Guy De Maupassant.†Ã‚  Guy De Maupassant - New World Encyclopedia.

Mathematician essays

Mathematician essays John Napier was born in Merchiston Tower in 1550. He was born during one of the most exciting periods of Scottish and European history. Napier was known as the Marvellous Merchiston. This was a title that many people said that he well deserved. He got this title for his genius and imaginative vision encompassed a number of fields. At the age of thirteen John went into college at St. Salvators College in St. Andrews. John Napier was a philosopher and a mathematician. He is the inventor of Logarithms and the inventor of the decimal point. He made one of the single greatest advances in the history of mathematicians. It is said without Napiers work on logarithms it is difficult to imagine how Kepler and Newton could have made their great advances in later times. His work, Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, contained thirty seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables, which facilitated the futherment of astronomy, dynamics, and physics. Napier published a small way to perform multiplication, the Rabdologiae. This became known as Napiers Rods or Bones. He explained another method of division and multiplication using metal plates. This was the earliest attempt to try to use mechanical means of calculation. This makes him the grandfather of our calculator today. Napiers study of mathematics was only a hobby when he first started. Some of his other mathematical contributions were the formulas for mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles. He also found exponential expressions for trigonometric functions and introduced the decimal notation for fractions. Unlike the logarithms today, Napiers were not really to any base but in our terminology it is not unreasonable to say that they are to base 1/e. Napier did not think of logarithms in an algebraic way. Algebra was not ...

Local Government assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Local Government assignment - Coursework Example The local councils of England offer significant concern towards the education of the students thereby improving the number of primary and secondary schools of the area. The main urge of the local councils is to improve the educational facilities thereby enhancing the scope of employment so as to cope up with the recent challenges. In addition, the local government authority (LGA) offers free educational facilities (Local Government Association, 2012). Apart from this, the local authority also tries to offer good transport facilities to the citizens of England so as to ease the problems related to travelling. In order to relieve the citizens from chaotic travelling, the local councils of England have offered good quality of roads and streets. Along with this, the local authorities and Primary Care Trust (PCT) also tries to offer social services for the disabled children and adults so as to provide intensive care. Moreover, the local authorities of England also offer discretionary services to the citizens so as to maintain the welfare and security among the community members (Communities and Local Government, 2003). In addition, the local councils also introduced special pension scheme so as to secure the future of adult generations along with reduction in liquidity rates (Audit Commission, 2010). Moreover, proper maintenance of health and security of the citizens regardless of age is one of the significant responsibilities of the councils so as to reduce the health disparities. Along with this, proper preservation of cultural heritages is also equally important for the councils. In order to retain the cultural heritages, LGA tries to maintain the library, royal streets, sports and varied tourist places so as to attract new tourists and enhance the revenue of the nation. Moreover, the councils of England also attempt to improve the environmental as well as protect the communities from unfavourable climatic changes thereby introducing the concept of

Punishment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Punishment and Society - Essay Example 108). According to Wendy (2005, p. 108), these authors vary in their focus on particular elements, there is a general agreement that the nature of punishment changes through the historical transition from primitive or early tribal law to the development of modern legal systems. Early tribal law is also called primitive legal systems is linked to small homogeneous and undifferentiated societies. This paper will assume a period in mid 19th century (1840s- 1860s) and look into how matters of theft, infanticide and rioting would be dealt with as at that time based on evidence from similar cases handled during this period. It is worthwhile to note that the period quoted in this question refers to a time in which the children and adults were treated the same in judgment (Centre on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2006, p. 6). Case of Jack Martin VS Lord Master Man In this case Jack Martin, a 10 year-old boy is convicted of the theft of two rabbits from Lord Master Man's land.  According to law in the 19th century this case would have counted as Petty Larceny especially if the value of the rabbits did not exceed a shilling. Also, it might be expected that the value of rabbits would exceed one shilling and in that occasion, this case would be counted as Grand Larceny. Either way, Jack would have a case to answer especially if evidence is sufficient. However, based on the case of Cooper Vs Walker, 1851, another consideration may arise. This case of Cooper Vs Walker relates to a market gardener of Beeston, Robert Cooper, an agricultural laborer John Walker and the theft of some onions. The census statistics of 1851 for Girt-ford near Sandy shows John Walker then a boy of 10 years old living with his parents William and Mary. John was the youngest of the four children, Thomas (15) Daniel (13) and Sarah (12). Records shows John to had been laborer at this age opposed to what would have been expected of him being a pupil. In 1861 however John had been accused of assault but was released after two months of imprisonment. He seems to have been set fair for a life of crime and indeed between September 1861 and March 1874 he had 14 convictions for petty offences (Victorian Crime and Punishment 2006, p. 18) There was noticeable difference however between Robert Cooper and John's family. The census statistics of 1871 for Beeston, also near Sandy, shows Robert to have been a young man of 27 years living with his 24 year old wife, Elizabeth and their three young children John (4), Charles (3) and Maud, a year old. The Coopers were rich enough to employ a living-in servant Jane Martin. They had wealth generated from their market gardening activities which were plasticized on a piece of 43 acres of land. On 13th September 1873 it is reported that as Cooper was sitting near the hedge bordering one of his fields where there were heaps of onions lying in the field, he watched as John Walker who, until the previous day had worked for him pick onions from these heaps . Walker picked about a peck from every heap and then smoothened out the heap so as to conceal the disturbance. He then used a sack to carry the stolen onions. This

Our Experience as Teachers of ILEC Essay Example for Free

Our Experience as Teachers of ILEC Essay We are Mauricio Munoz (a teacher) and Adela Perez del Viso (a lawyer and trainee teacher), the two Legal English teachers at the Colegio de Abogados de San Luis, the San Luis (Argentina) Bar Association. My idea of teaching Legal English started in 1998 when I took a course at an Academy (located on Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, U. K. ). My teacher was, by then, Mr. Brian Catlow. The organizers made us visit different courtrooms in Cambridge and in London. It was fascinating. Afterwards, I got to know about the ILEC exam, which was a huge academic improvement: now we had a purpose for these studies, a method, a set of contents, a book (and now more than a book), etc. I sat for the Ilec exam in 2009, after two complete years of hard study. Now we organize these courses at the Bar Association, and we know that only some students will come and stay: those who have a very good command of the language, and at the same time those who are keen on the legal field. During this year we organized two â€Å"modules†: the first one, based on General Principles and Contracts. with all the units related to Contracts); the second module, devoted to Company Law (3 units) plus Labour/Employment Law. The decision to divide the whole course in 3 or 4 modules have allowed us to set some goals which seem to be not so far in time; at the same time, it allows other students (who have not started with the original group) to join us, for instance, at the 2nd module. We organize every class with the material presented by the Ilec book, along with videos taken from the internet, movies, trailers (in this sense, John Grisham? books, movies and trailers are quite good), some University classes that can be retrieved from the internet (for instance, some classes from American universities, related to Contracts), etc. Only when time presses, we work on the ILEC book alone, which is quite complete. Next year we are planning to acquire the new edition of the ILEC/ TRANSLEGAL/ C. U. P. book, with the hope that it will present new material to practice with our students. One thing that is quite important, as always when training for any international exam, is to teach strategies to cope with the requirements of the different papers. We explain every one of the papers, and rehearse them with the students, so as they do not feel out of place whenever they sit for the final exam, in the future. Our students are quite committed, even though most of them are lawyers and have a lot of work to do. One of our students comes every time from a place located 140 km from our centre. They have felt quite encouraged with the contents of the course, and some of them are dreaming to travel abroad, or perhaps to get any kind of scholarship and study a course in an English-speaking country. The only thing that our students sometimes ask us is to provide some information as regards criminal law. We sometimes take some elements from the other book related to Legal English, called Introduction to International legal E. and from â€Å"Profesional English in Use†. But we explain to them that these contents are not required for the ILEC exam so far. We think that the ILEC course, and the ILEC exam have really fulfilled the aim of setting an outstanding goal to Legal English students; establishing a future goal to those who like to study English hard, and to combine the experience with their own legal expertise.

Equality In Todays Schools Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this class, we have struggled to evaluate the current educational system in order to determine if significant social issues, including increasing regional poverty, and declining literacy rates in specific urban regions are related to economic differentiations in the education system. Because of recent studies, some have considered the issue of educational funding allotments in order to determine a system that provides greater equity between socioeconomically disadvantaged inner-city schools and wealthier suburban, middle class schools. This funding issue has been addressed a number of times. It has been recognized that the foundation for the necessary funding changes have stemmed from the recognition that school funding differences relate directly to sociological issues, including the creation of a cycle of poverty and illiteracy in under funded urban settings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most significant issues raised in public education in recent years is the radical difference that exists in funding levels between wealth and poor school districts (Zuckman 749). Many states have allotted educational funding related to tax revenues, and this has determined a higher level of educational spending in wealthy neighborhoods and a much lower level of spending for inner-city poor and rural poor communities (Zuckman 749). Because of this focus, a number of states have considered and implemented plans for the equalization of school funding, but this has not come without considerable opposition (Zuckman 749). Though individuals in low-income neighborhoods areas have defined this equalization as a positive process for improving urban schools, wealthier suburban populations have complained that this will take away funding necessary to maintain programs that are already in place (Zuckman 749).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In class, we have argued that the differences in these educational settings have had a direct impact on the outcomes for students. Because a positive educational setting is a direct indicator of the capacity of a person to develop into a productive citizen, it has been determined that only with sufficient funding can public schools offer the educational process necessary to determine positive outcomes. Funding for elementary schools and public schools in general, is shifting from the federal level... ...l improvements, better educational materials, and nicer facilities while children in of the urban poor are often provided with the essentials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the outcomes in disadvantaged educational settings are a direct result of the socioeconomic conditions and are directly correlated. Low test scores tend to be reflected as an outcome of low-income public education while higher standardized test scores are correlated to the increased educational focus and the impacts of programming and facility improvements that can be maintained within the educational settings of many higher income school districts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How can there be such a vast difference within the public school system of a country, which claims to provide equal opportunity for all? The equity issue boils down to the rights of students, and the right to a free, accessible, and equal public education for all citizens is an essential directive in the American government. As a result, it is necessary to consider the social issue of under funded education and reflect upon both the causes and the cyclical nature of poverty as they relate to under funding of public schools.

From the Large Scale Universe to the Milky Way

From the Large Scale Universe to The Milky Way Jason Norton SCI/151 Benjawan Kjornrattanawanich May 28, 2012 Cosmology is the study of the universe as a whole. Describe the foundation of modern cosmology. Cosmology is the branch of study in relation to the origin and nature of the universe (Farlex, 2012). The thoughts and opinions on how the universe began over the years was one of spiritual and scientific. Through beliefs of the Bible and followers of the faith it is believed that God created the universe and everything in it. From a scientific view it is believed that the universe was created by The Big Bang.Throughout time many astronomers and scientists pushed the envelope to prove that the universe was not created by God but instead created by one force in space that over time has further developed what is on Earth and out in the universe. Most of the scientists and astronomers back in time were followers of the religion and almost had their own beliefs lead them into the wrong direction. It was not until such people as Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newtown that further proved The Big Bang Theory caused the creation of the universe.Galileo theory of the Earth revolving around the sun had him almost executed by the Roman Catholic Church. Galileo’s use of the telescope marked him as a modern science marvel. His discoveries spanned from the moons of Jupiter to the moon. In relation to cosmology, Galileo’s contributions to the understanding of the universe and how it begun helped shape the modernization of cosmology. It was not until later that Galileo’s contributions were proven to be liable and relative. Present-day cosmology continues to make theories and observations in attempt to prove out or further discover the realms of the universe.The Big Bang theory is a part of cosmology. Explain the Big Bang theory and provide an example of one experiment scientists performed that supported it. The Big Bang Theory has been thought to have begun approximately 15 billion years ago with an explosion that created where people live and everything around us in the universe. This matter and energy in space was held in one area and when the Big Bang happened it helped to lay the foundation of the universe. It help to create and layout the universe and continues to this day to still happen based on scientific observations.Edwin Hubble has credited with the source of the foundation behind the Big Bang with the use of the Hubble Telescope. Hubble’s observations and discoveries of the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond just scratched the surface for astronomers and scientists when it relates to what is out there. An example of one experiment scientists performed that supported the Big Bang theory was, â€Å"Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (1916) is a generalization of Newton’s Law of Gravity. Gravity is described as a distortion of space and time.The Cosmological Principle is an assumption that matter in the uni verse is uniformly distributed when averaging over large-scales, and that the distribution of matter is homogeneous and isotropic. This laid the foundation of the Big Bang Model, which was â€Å"Big Bang Theory = General Theory of Relativity + Cosmological Principle† (Welser-Sherrill, 2007, pg. 1) The Milky Way is just one galaxy that resulted from the Big Bang. Describe the structure of the Milky Way and how dark matter influences it. The Milky Way’s structure is that of a spiral with approximately 400 billion stars.The Milky Way contains gas and dust among its three distinct makeup components; halo, nuclear bulge, and the disk. 1. The halo is a makeup of the oldest stars. 2. The nuclear bulge (center of the galaxy) its view cannot be seen clearly because of the dust and gases. 3. The disk section of the galaxy is where the Earth lies along with the Sun and other planets and stars. The halo section of the galaxy is the larger part of the galaxy but due to dust and gas es it is not clear just like the nuclear bulge.This material, which is not clear, is known as dark matter. Dark matter which is not visible is believed to help influence the gravitational effects on other matter within the galaxy. When was dark energy discovered? How has that discovery changed our view of the universe? In the late 1990s dark energy was observed through a supernova causing the expansion rate of our universe to accelerate. This dark energy has changed the view of the universe because scientists expected the expansion to slow down but in fact it is going faster due to this energy.What is a theory of everything? What does it aim to do to our understanding of the universe as a whole? â€Å"The theory of everything is believed to believe the ultimate theory of the universe of which a set of equations capable of describing all phenomena that have been observed, or will ever be observed† (Laughlin ; Pines, 2012, pg. 1). This theory will help improve the understanding of what makes up the universe, which is not explained or well-known. Some of those areas would be black holes, evolution of the universe, and etc.References Farlex. (2012). Cosmology. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Free Dictionary Website: http://www. thefreedictionary. com/cosmology Welser-Sherrill, L. (2007). A History of the Universe. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Star Teach Astronomy Education Website: http://www. starteachastronomy. com/universe. html Laughlin, R. , ; Pines, D. (2012). The Theory of Everything. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Star Teach Astronomy Education Website: http://www. pnas. org/content/97/1/28. full

Tripadvisor

1. Why do consumers write reviews? Most users were pleased with their hotel or travel experience, so they wanted to share them to others. On the contrary, some write review because they aren’t satisfied with hotel’s service or facilities and feel disappointed. A few want to have a conversation or take it as a shortcut to reach management. In summary, consumers write reviews because they feel that it is useful to get advice from the website and want to exchange useful information and experience with others. 2. Why is Tripadvisor appealing to consumers?Tripadvisor displays detailed ,rich and relevant data for use by consumers in their travel planning. Tripadvisor can guarantee authenticity by examining all data entered to insure that no fraud data. A sophisticated algorithm is used to calculate the ranking taking into consideration the quantity, quality ,age of reviews and external data . So it provides unbiased information which win the trust of consumers. Potential cons umer can use this vast pool of data to help evaluate alternatives during the consumer decision making process.This â€Å"world of mouth† information is perceived as being more vivid, easier to use and more trustworthy than marketer-provided information. 3. How would you measure how â€Å"engaged† people are with Tripadvisor? Can you suggest some â€Å"actionable† metrics that Tripadvisor might be using in how it interacts with its user base? There are several measures can evaluate how people â€Å"engaged†: * Registration date * Log-in frequency * Numbers of reviews ,photos or videos posted * Update frequency of reviews, photos or videos. How long people remain activity status * Ranking of reviews or photos * Interactive with others on the forums * Average days each user spend on TA * Average time each user spend every log-in. 4. What do hotel owners and property managers feel about Tripadvisor? How does Tripadvisor manage to create the balance between co nsumers and hotel managers? 5. How does Tripadvisor monetize its UGC? How does it differ from many of the other UGC sites on the Internet (pick a few for comparison)? Tripadvisor use three main sources to monetize its UGC: Text links take users to hotels which could charge to TA on a cost-per-click basis. Once user click into the hotel link,the hotel should pay TA from $0. 25 to $1. * Display advertising on the basis of cost-per-thousand impression. That is showing advertising for thousand time then charge once. * â€Å"Business listing† service business owner to promote their TA listing by adding contact information or discount to consumer via coupons. There are many UGC website, some have the same profit model, some have different profit model.Take â€Å"secondlife † as example, its main business are virtual  community and games,its profib model are rental of virtual land, membership fee, Exchange fee of virtual goods. ect. One Chinese SNS website named â€Å"Kaix in†,its profit model are advertising,virtual money to buy game tools. 6. Why has Tripadvisor been so successful in hotel reviews? Why is it not known for restaurants even though it has user reviews on over half-a-million restaurants? 7. Can Tripadvisor replicate its success in China, vacation rentals and flights?If so, how would you prioritize them? So far, it is hard to say whether it is success in China or not. It has several challenges and competition is serious. * China is a huge potential market , but currently there are relatively small portion of population travel frequently, and most travel place are in China. International background is not the unique advantage. * Small portion people will choose online travel booking , most of them will rely on travel agency especially when they are going to travel abroad.When they travel in China,they are prefer to call the hotel for booking rather than online. As we know ,large amount of user are basis of UGC website. Without it, i t is hard to make profit. * There are more than 5 strong local competitors such as â€Å"qyer†,†mafengwo†in China market. These local competitors have the same business model with Tripadvisor but are more familiar with Chinese markets and Chinese travel habits So far ,these UGC travel website are all in the stage of attracting user to visit website and

Sustainability in Slums

Sustainability in Slums Introduction Sustainable development is one of the core strategies of development adopted by many countries across the world. Although this awareness has reached to that level currently, sustainability was not considered profoundly in the past.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability in Slums specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past, people focused on development without considering other crucial aspects such as environmental awareness, sociology and humanity. The introduction of sustainability closed that gap by developing initiatives which integrate the three aspects. In the modern world, governments are dedicating their efforts towards sustainable development in sectors such as real estate management, infrastructural development and health issues. In essence, they focused profoundly on real estate since it was one of the vital sectors of economic development. However, the authorities face many challeng es since the population is increasing progressively leading to high demand of rental houses. As a result, slums have emerged in many parts of the world posing social and environmental threats. In fact, slums have affected many countries such as the UK, the USA, India, China and most countries in Africa. This shows that the emergence of slums should be treated as a global issue demanding a sustainable approach. Therefore, this paper will focus on how the policies of sustainability could be applied to solve challenges posed by the emergence of slums. Development of Sustainability Agenda in Real Estates Slums contravene the ideologies of sustainable development in many ways. The life that people experience in slums is barely sustainable in consideration of aspects such as economy, health and environmental awareness.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that the concerned authorities must act swiftly in order to develop the sustainability agenda in the slums. In this light, the development of this agenda should adhere to the five principles of sustainability. Environmental Limits The first principle states that people must live within the environmental limits. This implies that human activities must be conducted in a manner that does not contravene with environmental awareness. For example, people use poor construction materials when they are building houses in the slums. These materials that include polythene papers, rotted iron sheets, and grass roofing destroy environmental fitness. Polythene papers are destroyed easily leading to a fast rate of disposal that results in piling up of waste materials. In addition, since the polythene papers are unrecyclable, people opt to burn the materials in order to dispose them. This leads to the production of green house gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide which dep lete the ozone layer (Amlinger Peyr 2008). In fact, the government of the UK has become very strict in regard to the production of green house gases because their ozone layer is threatened. These sentiments imply that the development of sustainability agenda must be conducted in line with environmental limits. Healthy Society The second principle of sustainable development suggests that development must focus on creating a healthy society. In other words, development cannot be realised when the society is unhealthy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability in Slums specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that development of sustainable agenda in slums must purport good health among the residents. This introduces the aspect of purporting development that focuses on people’s satisfaction. This development does not concentrate on building prestigious houses or infrastructure alone. Instead, it conc entrates on satisfying the needs of people. In this regard, it reduces morbidity, purports good health, and strengthens people’s relationships within their residences. Failure to purport these aspects could prevent the realisation of development. Moreover, development should neither isolate humanity nor compromise the needs of human beings. Sustainable Economy The third principle states that the agenda of sustainability should support the development of sustainable economy. In a sustainable economy, economic development should neither compromise human sociology nor environmental fitness. On the other hand, environmental awareness and human sociology should not compromise economic development. This implies that the agents of sustainable development must balance between the two aspects so that human sociology is achieved along with economic progress (Kotchen 2006). This balance could be achieved by applying initiatives such as green economy, renewable energy and green architect ure (Aarons 2007).Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While developing this agenda, the agents of sustainability should focus on purporting the economy that does not compromise human sociology and environment (Seibold-Bultmann 2007). For instance, it is hypothesised that most women in the slums get their income from immoral behaviours such as prostitution (Abuya Onsomu 2012). On the other hand, young men indulge in acts of crime which include stealing, killing and hijacking. The sustainability agenda must aim at eliminating these vices and introducing moral ways of earning money in order to improve human sociology. Good Governance The fourth principle is about the promotion of good governance (Clark 2006). According to the principle, development must incorporate good governance that considers sociology, environmental awareness and economic development (Bai 2011). Since the government is a key player in the enactment of policies, a country without good governance can hardly develop the sustainability agenda (Bai 2011). This implies tha t the agents of sustainability must transform the ideologies of governance in order to curb the emergence of slums. For instance, Kenya has invested in a modern real estate project known as the Konza City in Machakos County. During the launch of this project, the government spokesman warned the people of Machakos about building small houses around the city because they could form the slums. In the same light, the government has initiated a project to upgrade a famous slum called Kibera (Barcott 2000). This implies that the sustainability agenda is initiated by good governance. Scientific Evidence The last principle that is pertinent to sustainability agenda relates to the use of scientific approach in sustainability. It states that sustainable development should be based on strong scientific evidence (Earleywine 2002). In this light, decisions on whether or not to implement a policy should be inspired by strong scientific evidence. This implies that decisions should not be based on myths, misdirected theories and speculations. A detailed scientific evaluation should be conducted before introducing any policy or building any infrastructure. This ideology is evident in the real estate sector where scientific evidence is required in order to determine the appropriateness of using some building materials. For instance, the government of the USA conducts profound research in order to determine the appropriateness of paints supplied by foreign manufacturers. This undertaking helps the country to avoid harmful paints that could cause health problems. In this regard, some paints have been prohibited because they contain ingredients that release bad odour in houses (Cacace Schmid 2008). Equally, the development of sustainability agenda in the slums should follow this principle. All the relevant policies must be consistent with scientific ideologies which purport their application. Otherwise, policies based on mere speculation, taboos, and myths might lead to the loss of profitable opportunities. Initiatives and Forums In order to develop sustainability in real estate management, involved agents should create effective initiatives to mobilise people towards establishing sustainable real estates. Recently, the UN has been convening conferences on environmental sustainability, green economy and climate change. However, very few conferences have been organised to focus on real estates. In this regard, the concerned bodies should organise conferences that focus on aspects such as green architecture, sewage disposal and sewage treatment. These initiatives could help in mobilising people against poor real estate management. In fact, real estate is a sector that cannot be ignored if we have to realise sustainable development. Particularly, these conferences should concentrate on the emerging issues such as emergence of the slums. In this light, the drivers of sustainability should treat the emergence of the slums as a crucial and global concern. Emergen ce of slums is a threat to sociology, health, environment and economic advancement. Consequently, it is a problem for the whole world. It must be discussed and curbed globally. Policy Initiatives Health Policies Health policies were stipulated to provide standard requirement for the establishment of a real estate. Also, it stipulates the procedures followed during the establishment of real estates and ensures good health. In addition, the health policies articulate the required maintenance practices that purport good health. For instance, health policies from most countries require the real estate managers to provide sanitation facilities for the people who live in the estates. These facilities ensuring good health include latrines, bathrooms and urinals. They ensure that people living in real estate dispose their waste materials in a healthy manner. In developed countries, these requirements are too obvious to be included in national policies. However, critical problems are experie nced in regard to the provision of basic facilities in some regions such as India and most of the African countries (Jha Rao 2007). The facilities are managed poorly leading to flooded bathrooms, blocked latrines and unclean urinal. The poor management of facilities leads to formation of bleeding areas for anopheles mosquitoes which cause malaria. This situation is more evident within the slums than in other place. Due to the high number of people in the slums, the facilities are owned and used communally. One latrine is used by a large number of people. For example, 30 people use one latrine in the Kibera slums (Schwartz 2002). This is a great threat to the health of residents (Gulis 2004). The main problem conjoined to this policy is failure to implement it in accordance with the ideologies. In most cases, authorities neglect the full implementation of this policy. Policies on Construction Materials Construction materials are vital factors that should be considered while focusing on sustainability (Laquatra Syal 2008). In this light, materials relate to sustainability owing to aspects such as cost, environmental impact and health. The cost of obtaining some materials is very high leading to economic impacts. On the other hand, natural resources are depleted by use of some materials such as timbers (Prasad, 1994). Other materials are harmful to the health of residents implying that they should be prohibited. Some of these harmful materials include paints and iron sheets among others. Governing authorities stipulate policies which take control of construction materials. For example, the American government prohibited the use of indigenous trees from the Amazon forest in order to protect that ecosystem. In other countries, the relevant authorities restricted the usage of some trees which are endangered. In the same light, some synthetic materials are prohibited to avoid poor health and environmental pollution. For example, some paints containing harmful ingre dients have been banned in the USA (Cacace Schmid 2008). In addition, the Kenyan government has banned the usage of iron sheets to construct walls since they can cause injuries. Sewage and Disposal Policies Most authorities have stipulated very stringent policies concerning the disposal of waste materials coming from the real estate. It is known that waste materials are a significant source of diseases and bad odour. As a result, the disposal of sewage cannot be ignored when focusing on sustainable real estates. An authority that aspires to attain sustainable estates cannot let sewage materials run on the surface and cause diseases. As a result, most countries around the world have provided clear instructions concerning the disposal. In Kenya, the health officers cannot license an estate that does not have disposal hole of approximately 2000 cubic meters. It also requires a well maintained network of sewage conveyance pipes which dispose the waste materials. The pipes should be str ong enough to avoid bursting that could release the waste materials. Policies on Provision of Technological Facilities Modern sustainability indicators suggest that sustainable real estate should be equipped technologically. Although this ideology might be unrealistic in the developing countries, developed countries have put advanced policies concerning the provision of facilities such as electricity, internet connection and DSTV connection. The provision of these facilities ensures that people are connected to technology since it is growing at a very fast rate. This is one of the upcoming aspects of sustainable development. However, the ideology is not essentially new considering the foundation of sustainable development. In this regard, sustainable development is about developing people in accordance to the world’s progress. People must develop in accordance to their environments because the development should be directed to people’s needs. Therefore, it is unsustain able for the people to live in a world advanced technologically without having the knowledge. As a result, the policy that purports the provision of these facilities is correlated to sustainability. However, this policy is not crucial to the basic ideologies of sustainability. It is only fundamental to the few developed countries. This implies that the policy will become applicable to the developing countries only when they attain high economic advancement. Occupancy Policies Congestion of people in real estate is another aspect that could impact the sociology of people. In this regard, congestion reduces privacy that is vital to human beings. In addition, it increases competition for resources owing to insufficiency of available facilities. As a result, the quality of these facilities reduces due to the poor usage and incapability to control the residents. The level of crime increases owing to inability of catering for basic needs. As a result, controlling the number of occupants i n a single house could be helpful in order to avoid congestion and other associated vices. As a result, governments depict policies that control occupancy so that a single room can hold a specified number of people. Although the implementation of the policy is quite difficult, it is developed with the intentions of curbing congestion. In places where people embrace policies willingly, it has helped them to minimise the spread of contagious diseases, control the level of crime and reduce poverty (Bressey 2008). In Kenya, a single room is supposed to hold an average of five people. This is the recommended size of a single family in Kenya. This number changes in accordance to the policies of the country which are guided by size of its population. However, the respective authorities recommend the maximum number according to scientific research. This implies that obeying the policy could lead to financial, sociological, and environmental benefits. House Spacing Policy Spacing is another policy that determines the establishment of real estates. This policy aims at reducing congestion and competition for space. In this case, some authorities specify the number of houses that should be built in an acre of land. This policy helps in controlling the number of people who can live in an area. In addition, it ensures that the owner do not compromise the freedom of residents in order to satisfy his/her financial needs. The houses must be constructed in accordance with the specified spacing to create enough space for tenants. The implementation of this policy is barely evident in the slums. Houses are built in a congested manner. People live in very small spaced houses that do not meet the needs of human life. As a result, people living cannot realise sustainability if that policy is not considered and implemented. Problem in Real Estate Management In most countries, the cost of rental house is very high as compared to the opportunities that the country provides to the citiz ens (Gallin 2004). This cost has been increasing for the last five years in most parts of the world. For example, the rental cost has been increasing progressively for the last four years in England as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: The cost trends for rental houses. This trend has rendered many citizens incapable of affording reputable rental houses for accommodation. As a result, they look for cheaper ways of surviving since they cannot afford good accommodation. This leads to the emergences of the slums which pose severe threats to human sociology, environmentalism and economic development. This trend is evident in many parts of the world including developed and developing countries. The following pictures show the existence of the slums in different parts of the world. Figure 2: This shows the existence of the slums in the United Kingdom. The slums have poor housing facilities, waste material lying all over the ground and sewage components running on the surface. The houses are congested showing signs of poor interaction among people and the freedom of movement. In the pictures, there are no signs of electricity supply in these slums implying that provision of essential facilities is impaired. The residences are completely unsustainable owing to environmental degradation and congestion of houses. Figure 3: Kibera slums in Kenya. Figure 4: An image showing the slums in India. Figure 5: An image showing the condition of the slums in the USA. The four images show that slums exist in almost all parts of the world implying that this is a global issue. However, the condition of slums in developed countries is relatively better than the one in developing countries. Besides, the slums portray similar characteristic such as existence of dirty water pools, flowing sewage materials and congestion of houses. The agents of sustainability should focus on the emergence of the slums due to high rental prices in order to create a sustainable economy. Although there are other vices conjoined to the emergence of slums, they cannot be deducted from the above visual representations. However, it is proven that slums are centres of criminal activities and poverty (Moreno 2003). Women practice prostitution in order to get food and other basic things. These aspects contravene with the ideologies of sustainable development as defined by UNESCO (Moreno 2003). In this light, it should be understood that moral behaviours are components of sustainable development. The question that the agent of sustainable development should answer is one that inquires into the solutions to this problem. What can we do to eliminate the threats posed by existence of the slums globally? Solutions to Different Context It cannot be disputed that the slums develop different problems in economic, social, and environmental contexts. In this regard, mere identification of a problem does not change the prevalent situation. However, the identification is a first step involved in the process of solving the entire problem. What are the solutions for the identified problem? Application of Sustainability to Health Context One of the most crucial indicators of sustainability is a healthy society. In this light, World Health Organisation (WHO) suggested that a community is not developed sustainably in case it has not attained the basic health standard (Sclar Garau 2005). This implies that the community must apply strategies purporting good health. In addition, the organisation stated that a group whose rate of morbidity and mortality is higher than the average national level is not developed sustainably. In this regard, the slums are below the average rate of morbidity and mortality in the respective countries. In order to curb poor health, various strategies could be applied. First, the concerned authorities should ensure that the people living in slums are provided with clean water for consumption and use. According to WHO, water holds 76 percent of all microorga nisms that cause diseases (Waitzkin 2003). For example, researchers have established that dirty water is a habitat for infectious microorganisms such as amoeba and fungi. When people consume this water, they are infected with dangerous diseases such amoebic dysentery and typhoid (Waitzkin 2003). This implies that provision of clean water for consumption could curb the spread of these diseases. In addition, pools of dirty water are the bleeding ground for mosquitoes which cause malaria. As a result, sustainable approach suggests that the disposal of such water could help in controlling malaria (Waitzkin 2003). While conducting these activities, it should be understood that malaria is one of the most significant threats in the tropical countries which have relatively high temperatures. This implies that the control of malaria is both an initiative and a demand. Additionally, a collection of polythene papers and polyvinyl chloride material is another measure that purports good health. Equally, they form the bleeding ground for mosquitoes causing malaria. In addition, some of the polyvinyl chloride materials are capable of causing injuries to the body. As a result, disposing these materials helps in controlling poor health. Another sustainable approach towards purporting good health is the disposal and treatment of sewage. In this light, theories of sustainability state that sewage disposal and treatment are mandatory. Furthermore, it points out that the two undertakings must be conducted in order to realise good health in real estate. This implies that the authorities cannot fulfil one of the activities and expect good health. Instead, sewage material must be disposed and treated accordingly. Lastly, the provision of sufficient sanitation facilities in the slums is very crucial. In this light, insufficient facilities lead to the competition and mismanagement which cause blockages. These blockages lead to contamination of water and food. In some instances, the lac k of these facilities leads to severe health problems. Application of Sustainability to Congestion The principles of sustainability suggest that people should have the freedom to interact. It also points out that people should have their own privacy. However, the slums contravene with these requirements causing severe congestion due to the lack of enough housing and spacing. In order to curb congestion, the involved authorities should seek to upgrade the slums. In this regard, sustainable development does not advocate for elimination of the slums. The elimination of the slums could lead to dramatic interference with the life of the residents. In this case, changing the people’s location could lead to introduction of new environments that are strange to them. It is, therefore, prudent to upgrade the slums rather than eliminating them. While upgrading the slums, the most important factors that should be considered include spacing, construction materials and number of people (Ni zami 2008). The authorities should follow the spacing policies completely. Each house should be given the right space. It should have a sufficient space for playground where children can interact and play. As a result, the congestion of houses will be eliminated along with people’s congestion (Nizami 2008). If the number of people is too high to reduce, they should be relocated to other places. However, this should apply as the last option. In regard to building materials, iron sheets are dangerous construction materials. They can cause injuries to people especially when they are used as walls. As a result, the authorities should consider using materials that are much reputable and safe. The process of upgrading requires them to reconstruct the houses allowing re-evaluation of spacing. Application of Sustainability to Crime and Immorality Sustainability suggests that the surest way of solving problems is focusing on the causative agents rather than symptoms. In the recent str ategies, most governmental officials deployed many police officers in order to maintain security in the slums. However, this is a strategy that concentrates on the symptoms of insecurity and prostitution. The true solution to the insecurity, immorality, and entire crime is improving the residents’ financial capabilities. In this regard, it is important to understand that people indulge in crime in order to get money for food and other basic needs (Sahariah Coakley 2007). When the government provides opportunities for these residents, they withdraw from crime to engage in constructive businesses. This will become a benefit for both the slum residents and the entire country. Another critical measure that is pertinent to elimination of congestion is building public houses. In this case, slums emerge due to the high cost of rentals as discussed in this report. However, most of the rental houses are owned by private businessmen and merchants. These businessmen are responsible for escalating the accommodation prices. If the government builds public houses that can be rented to people, few citizens will seek for survival in the slums. The government will easily control the prices of public houses and make them affordable. As a result, the authorities will manage to reduce the number of the slums and congestion in the country. Conclusion It is evident that real estate management is a fundamental concern of sustainable development. The cost and insufficiency of rental houses has led to the emergence of the slums globally. These slums have posed great challenges to economic, sociological, and health spheres. The challenges such as poverty, congestion, and diseases should be solved globally by applying sustainable approaches and strategies. In addition, it cannot be disputed that these solutions must focus on the real problems that accompany the emergence of the slums rather than the symptoms. Importantly, the governing authorities must concentrate on providing c lean water, upgrading the slums and providing good sewage system. Lastly, the agents of development must seek the enforcement of policies purporting sustainable development. Reflective Statement This study has provided new knowledge on the existence of the slums in the global autonomy. It has been misconceived that the slums exist in the developing countries only. However, it is evident that the slums exist in developed countries such as the USA and the UK. This implies that the slums have become a global issue that needs a global approach. In addition, it has proved that the ideologies of sustainability can be applied to real estate management. However, it is evident that further studies should be conducted concerning the actual course of action that could be applied along with the involved challenges. References Aarons, R 2007, Green Building, Local Economy, vol. 22. no. 1, pp. 92-97. Abuya, B Onsomu, E 2012, Educational Challenges And Diminishing Family Safety Net Faced By High- school Girls In A Nairobi Slum Residence, International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 32. no. 1, pp. 81-91. Amlinger, F Peyr, S 2008, Green House Gas Emissions From Composting And Mechanical Biological Treatment, Waste Management Research, vol. 26. no. 1, pp. 47-60. Bai, P 2011, Governance Models, Income Distribution and Sustainable Development, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 204. no. 1, pp. 1910-1914. Barcott, R 2000, The Kibera Slum and NGOs Help, Anthropology News, vol. 41. no. 9, pp. 13. Bressey, C 2008, Down But Not Out: The Politics Of The East End Poor And Those Who Investigated Lives in slums, Journal of Urban History, vol. 34. no. 4, pp. 688-694. Cacace, M Schmid, A 2008, The Healthcare Policies Of The USA And Canada: On Divergent Paths, Social Policy Administration, vol. 42. no. 4, pp. 396-417. Clark, W 2006, Editorial, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, vol. 48. no. 2, pp. 2. Earleywine, M 2002, Understanding science: a new look at the scientific evidence, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Gallin, J 2004, The long-run relationship between house prices and rents, Divisions of Research Statistics, Washington, D.C. Gulis, G 2004, Health Status Of People Of Slums In Nairobi, Environmental Research, vol. 96. no. 2, pp. 219-227. Jha, S Rao, V 2007, Governance In The Gullies: Democratic Responsiveness And Leadership In Delhi Slums, World Development, vol. 35. no. 2, pp. 230-246. Kotchen, M 2006, Green Markets And Private Provision Of Public Goods, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 114. no. 4, pp. 816-834. Laquatra, J Syal, M 2008, Green And Healthy Housing, Journal of Architectural Engineering, vol. 14. no. 4, pp. 94. Moreno, E 2003, Slums of the world: the face of urban poverty in the new millennium: monitoring the millennium development goal, target 11world-wide slum dweller estimation, Kenya Focus Publisher, Nairobi. Nizami, S 2008, Rehabilitation of slums in urban areas: challenges and experiences, Icfai U niversity Press, Hyderabad. Prasad, K 1994, Editorial, Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 1. no. 2, pp. 3-4. Sahariah, S Coakley, P 2007, Challenges Of A Food-based Field Intervention Trial For Women In Mumbai Slums: The Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project, Early Human Development, vol. 83. no. 1, pp. 62-63. Schwartz, R 2002, Participatory Developments in East Africas Largest Slum, Anthropology News, vol. 43. no. 3, pp. 22-24. Sclar, E Garau, P 2005, The 21st Century Health Challenge of Slums And Cities, The Lancet, vol. 365. no. 9462, pp. 901-903. Seibold-Bultmann, U 2007, What does Sustainability Look Like? Green Architecture as an Aesthetic Proposition, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, vol. 32. no. 1, pp. 3-6. Waitzkin, H 2003, Report of the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health: A Summary And Critique, The Lancet, vol. 361. no. 9356, pp. 523-526.

The 55 AP Language and Composition Terms You Must Know

The 55 AP Language and Composition Terms You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the competencies you need to develop for AP Language and Composition is a thorough understanding of rhetorical strategies and techniques. This is because you will both be expected to identify these strategies and techniques in the writing of others and to use them in your own writing. But given the huge number of rhetorical terms there are, how do you know which ones you need to know and understand? Do you need to know what anaphora is? What about synecdoche? In this article I'll provide two lists: one of essential key AP Language and Composition terms to know for the exam, and one list of useful bonus words that will serve you well on the exam. Then I'll advise how to learn and use these terms for AP success! Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Essential AP Language and Composition Terms The following list of 37 terms, based on consulting both the AP English Language and Composition Course and Exam Description and free-response material from past years, provides an important overview of the major AP Lang rhetorical devices and techniques you need to know. With all of this AP Language and Composition vocabulary at your disposal, you'll be a top-notch rhetorical analyst in no time! Each entry has a definition and example or further explanation. Don't be intimidated by the size of this list- many of these are terms you are probably already familiar with! Essential Rhetorical Analysis Terms Terms Definition Example/Explanation Analogy Explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple. "An amateur playing in a professional game is like an ibex stepping into a lion's den." Argument The combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position. Too comprehensive a concept for a single example! In effective rhetoric, every phrase serves to further build the argument. Aristotelian appeals Three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them- ethos, logos, and pathos. See ethos, logos and pathos. Attitude The writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand. Difficult to convey in a short example, but something like "the deplorable state of this school" would convey that the author has a negative attitude towards the school. Audience Who the author is directing his or her message towards When you create a resume, your audience is potential employers. Compare and contrast Discussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose. â€Å"Hybrid cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than traditional midsize vehicles.† Connotation The implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations. conscientious = positive connotation fussy = negative connotation Context The extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered. If I am delivering a congratulatory speech to awards recipients, the immediate context might be the awards presentation ceremony; the broader context might be the purpose or significance of the awards themselves. Counterargument The argument(s) against the author's position. If I want to eliminate the dress code, a counterargument might be that this will place a burden on students of a lower socioeconomic status, who must now afford an entire school wardrobe or risk unwanted attention. Deductive reasoning A form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case. If all planets orbit a star, and Theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star. Denotation The literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word. The denotation of "chair" is "a place to sit." Diction The style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation. You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal. Ethos Setting up a source as credible and trustworthy. "Given my PhD in the subject and years of experience in the field" is an appeal to ethos. Evidence The information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position. If I were arguing that Anne is a good student, I might reference her straight-A report card and her 1500 SAT score as pieces of evidence. Figurative language The use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc. "The sky's like a jewel box tonight!" Genre The specific type of work being presented. Broader categories include "novel" and "play," while more specific genres would be things like "personal essay" or "haiku." Imagery Any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language. "The water was a pearl-studded sea of azure tipped with turquoise." Implication When something is suggested without being concretely stated. "Watch your wallet around Paul," implies that Paul is a thief without coming out and saying "Paul is a thief." Inductive reasoning Making a generalization based on specific evidence at hand. All of the planets in this solar system orbit a star, so all planets probably orbit stars. Irony At the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended. "I do so hope there are more papers to sign," is something that might be said ironically. Juxtaposition Placing two very different things together for effect. "There they stood together, the beggars and the lords, the princesses and the washerwoman, all crowding into the square." Logos Appealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic. Citing peer-reviewed scientific studies is an appeal to logos. Occasion The reason or moment for writing or speaking. When giving a graduation speech, the occasion is graduation. Organization How the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech. Think about the outlines you write in preparation for drafting an argumentative essay and you'll have an idea of what organization is. Pathos An Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions. Animal shelters ads with pictures of cute sad animals and dramatic music are using pathos. Purpose The author's persuasive intention. If you are trying to convince your mother you should get a dog, your purpose in addressing an essay on the subject to her would be to convince her that you should get a dog. Repetition Re-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis. "We run, and we run, and we run, like rats on a wheel." Rhetoric The use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience. Almost everything is an example of rhetoric! Rhetorical triangle The relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context. The author communicates to the reader via the text; and the reader and text are surrounded by context. Speaker The persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author. Similar to the difference between author and narrator in a work of fiction. Style The author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice. We might say the Taylor Swift's songwriting style is straightforward and emotive. Symbolism Using a symbol to refer to an idea or concept. "Fire" is commonly used a symbol for passion and/or anger. Syntax The way sentences are grammatically constructed. "She likes pie," is syntactically simple. On the other hand, "As it so happened, when Barbara got out of class early she liked to have a piece of pie- key lime or pecan, always- at the corner diner; while she was there she watched the people passing by the window and imagined herself inside each of their lives, riding in their heads for moments and moments until the afternoon was whiled away and she'd become fifty people," is syntactically complicated. Synthesis Combining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point. A typical research paper involves synthesizing sources to make a broader point about the topic. Themes Overarching ideas or driving premises of a work. Some themes you will probably hear in your high school graduation speech include leaving behind a legacy, moving into the great unknown, becoming an adult, and changing the world. Tone The use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject. Only a narrow distinction from attitude. The phrase "the deplorable state of this school" reveals a negative attitude, but the word choice of "deplorable" is part of the author's tone. Voice An author's unique sound. Similar to style. Think of the way that you can recognize a pop singer on the radio without hearing who it is first. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Let your voice be heard! Bonus AP Language and Composition Terms Here are 18 bonus AP Language vocabulary terms that, while not absolutely essential to your success on the exam, will be very helpful. They identify some common but obscurely named rhetorical techniques and some additional rhetorical and argumentative strategies. These terms also each have a definition and an example or explanation. Bonus Rhetorical Terms Terms Definition Example/Explanation Alliteration Using words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence. "She purchased the pretty purple parka." Allusion Making a brief reference to the cultural canon- e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc. "Like Eve in the Garden of Eden, George was not good at resisting temptation." Anecdote Offering a brief narrative episode. This device can serve many functions in a text- for example, introducing an issue, serving as evidence, to illustrate a point, and so on. "When I went to buy my morning coffee, I ran into an old friend. He told me he had won the lottery and he was about to buy a yacht. Two months later I heard he had declared bankruptcy." Concession Agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument). â€Å"While I admit that hybrid cars have higher carbon production costs than conventional automobiles, this is dramatically offset by the much-smaller lifetime carbon footprint of the vehicles.† Didactic A text with an instructive purpose, often moral. Aesop's fables are an example of a didactic work. Euphemism Referring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly "She let Bob go," is a euphemism for "she fired Bob." Exemplification Providing examples in service of a point. â€Å"The Town Beautification Funds are being sorely misused; the streets are full of litter, the parks are full of broken equipment, and City Hall's facade is drab and crumbling.† Hyperbole Overstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect. "My backpack weighs tons!" Idiom A commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning. "This costs an arm and a leg!" is an idiom which means "This is very expensive." Onomatopoeia Using "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz). "We heard an ominous hiss from the kitchen." Paradox A phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning). Paradoxical phrases include "dark angel," "fresh rot," "blissful hell," etc. Parallelism Repeated structural elements in a sentence. "We went to sea; we went to war; we went to bed." Parody Using the form of something to mimic and make fun of it. Weird Al is the master of the musical parody genre. Personification Giving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea. "The sun was shining happily today." Sarcasm Mockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing. "Did you come up with that all by yourself?" might be delivered sarcastically after someone delivers a poorly-thought out idea. Satire A genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society. Stephen Colbert is a popular modern satirist. Synecdoche Referring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole. "Ask for her hand" is a synecdoche for marriage; the "hand" stands in for the whole woman. Understatement Deliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect. "My mom's a little bit irritated I crashed the car- I'm grounded for the next twenty-four months." The Angry Storm: a story of personification. How to Learn and Use AP Language Terms You might be tempted to bust out some flashcards, do some aggressive memorization, and call yourself finished. However, that's really only the first step of the three-step process of actually learning AP Lang terms. Step 1: Learn Rhetorical Terms As you initially try to familiarize yourself with these terms and what they mean, it's fine to make flashcards. You could use the term on one side and the definition on the other, or the definition and the example from the chart on one side and the term on the other- whatever's easier for you. You could make physical flashcards if you like to learn things with a tactile element involved, but for the sake of convenience you might consider making online flashcards at a site like Quizlet, where a free account lets you make and save flash cards and then quiz yourself with a variety of games and strategies. When you know the terms and their definitions inside and out, you're ready to move on to the next step. Step 2: Identify Rhetorical Strategies and Devices Next, you need to work on identifying rhetorical strategies and devices in actual written works. Make an effort when you read to seek out examples of the different rhetorical techniques at work. And think about the larger context of the piece: what's the author's purpose in writing this piece? Is the speaker the same as the author? What genre is it? What devices are being used repeatedly? You might try jotting down your thoughts about how pieces you read are using rhetorical devices. When you feel you can consistently identify these strategies at work in the writing of others, it's time to try your hand at using them yourself. Step 3: Deploy Rhetorical Strategies and Devices Once you feel you have a handle on identifying a given device/concept in other pieces, it's time to think about using it in your own writing. Consider your own purpose and argument when you write. Think about audience. Deploy hyperbole and irony. See what works and what doesn't. Trying to apply the terms will help you learn the concepts much better than simple memorization. Deploy rhetorical parachutes! Final Thoughts: AP Language and Composition Terms There are so many rhetorical terms that it can be hard to determine which ones you need to know for AP Language and Composition! This list gives you an overview of all the essential AP English Language and Composition vocabulary. When you're trying to learn these concepts, it's better to try to apply them- by seeing how other authors use them and using them in your own writing- than to just memorize the terms and their definitions. The important thing is to understand the concepts, not just know the terms! What's Next? If you're also taking AP Literature, see our ultimate guide to the AP English Literature test and our AP Literature Reading List. Make sure to also refresh your understanding of point-of-view in literature with this primer and take a spin through our list of the literary elements you'll find in every story. Studying poetry in a(n) English/Literature/Language Arts class? Whether you're reading "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas or a Shakespearean sonnet, you're going to want to make sure you know important poetic devices and terms like assonance and iambic pentameter, just to name a few. We can help if you're not sure how to study for AP exams. Looking for practice tests? See our complete lists for AP Human Geography, AP Literature, AP US History, AP Chemistry, AP Biology,AP Psychology, and AP World History. Or see our guide to finding the best AP practice tests for any exam. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Racism in the United States in the Context of Freedom of Expression Essay

Racism in the United States in the Context of Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Association - Essay Example Some of these people have made racist associations strong and thereby passing extremist messages (Bleich 81). These people act the way they do, in some cases, a bid to overcome dilemmas just like Allen presents in Where I come from Is Like This, â€Å"Most Indian women I know are in the same bicultural bind†¦ We resolve the dilemma in various ways†¦ We act in these destructive ways because we suffer from the societal conflicts caused by having to identify with two hopelessly opposed cultural definitions of women† (Allen 45). When individuals are denied the chance of organizing themselves into groups, they will have a difficult time presenting their views or opinions in a democratic society. Majority of the people in the United States and other nations such as Western Europe do not value freedom of association. This is because they join private clubs, bowling leagues, and political parties without any reason. They have become accustomed to the associations such that l imiting or denying any group from organizing to further their interests is considered to be limiting their desires to promote a vibrant political sphere and civil society (Bleich 85). This is evident in Paula Gunn Allen’s article Where I Come From Is Like This. Allen states that members of her community resolve issues and dilemmas in many ways; partying all the time, drinking in excess, and engaging in violent exchanges (Adams 203). This indicates the way the people have become accustomed to associations that link them on a common agenda. Countries measure freedom of association against racism in a number of ways. Racists’ autonomy in the United States has been aggressively protected. Groups or associations such as the Ku Klux Klan, racist skinhead crew, anti-Semitic black separatist groups, and small neo-Nazi parties function legally and openly in the United States. Southern Poverty Law Center in Alabama has tracked these groups, and associations for years and it stat es that there were 900 of them in 2008, indicating an increase in 200 active hate groups since 2000. The modern interpretation of Constitution in the United States has made the freedom of association a fundamental right thus making it nearly difficult to outlaw a group on the basis of its racist characteristics (Bleich 86). Protection of the racist groups in the United States can be equated to Harlem in the James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues. The Harlem community is faced with numerous problems such as poverty, frustration, and drugs. However, the community members come together to protect and watch over one another. The adults use most of their time in the afternoon sharing stories and offering their children a sense of protection and warmth. The â€Å"music becomes the means for the brother’s reconciliation and functions as an â€Å"art of communion† which extends the meaning of each individual’s ‘blues’ (i.e., sorrow) to become a metaph or for the African American community in general† (Recker 30). The brothers and the community watch and protect one another despite the problems facing them. Outlawing such an association can be very difficult because of the protection developed among them. Thus, it is the mandate of the United States to show brotherly love to the racist associations as indicated in

Lev Shestov and Democratization of Thought Essay

Lev Shestov and Democratization of Thought - Essay Example Shestov displays a great amount of variety in his work and also borrows from the philosophy of the east in order to challenge the views that are established and belong to great thinkers. Through such a move, Shestov achieves a revolutionary approach that serves to challenge the existing order of things as they are in the society and in the universe. The complexities of such viewpoints are expressed in several works that he wrote. This paper shall seek to analyze an excerpt from the essay, â€Å"The Force of Argument†, which seeks to establish a dialogue between himself and the German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, whose views Shestov was not in agreement with at all (Shestov 97). Using several points of view from different schools of thought, Shestov is able to provide a refutation of the argument that Schopenhauer presents and is also able to give his own argument a place in a continuity of history by anticipating its own modification by a later theorist, in the same way, that he was modifying the theories of Arthur Schopenhauer. Shestov criticizes the assumptions that Schopenhauer takes for granted while formulating his analyses of the condition of man. The distinction between the individual man and the collective is clearly laid out by Schopenhauer in his philosophy. The beginning and the end of man is taken as a given that cannot be refuted is also a basis for any future argument that Schopenhauer makes; which is to say, that it forms the bedrock of his later discourses. Shestov’s challenge is aimed at a challenge of the very basic assumptions that are taken for granted by philosophers like Schopenhauer. The excerpt from â€Å"The Force of Argument† makes it clear that the immortality of the soul can be defined in many ways. A man who is dead is considered to be dead as an individual merely because of the demise of the earthly identity of his body. Shestov does not consider this to be a legitimate ending; neither does he think that t his constitutes a definite ending to a person’s existence. Casting off the body that we see on this planet and the identity that is assumed on the earth, the soul may move to another planet and assume another identity clothing it with another covering. This may lead one to think that the ending of a person is not an ending but a continuation of the existence of a soul that was always present. The immortality of the soul is taken as a reference point even in this argument that Shestov provides as a refutation of an argument that he feels gives excessive importance to reference points, given by Schopenhauer. The absence of reference points and the immortality of the soul are aspects also of Christianity. However, the soul assuming new bodies in different planets after the death of one body is a definite influence of eastern philosophy, especially Hinduism, which believes in the transmigration of souls from one body to the other following death. It is a Eurocentric view that Sch openhauer takes when he expounds his philosophy; it is this narrow view that is sought to be altered when Shestov offers his refutation of the arguments that are provided by Schopenhauer.