The Blackstone Commentaries and Womens Right

The Blackstone Commentaries and Women's Right In the 19th century, American and British womens rights- or lack of them- depended heavily on the commentaries of William Blackstone which defined a married woman and man as one person under the law. Heres what William Blackstone wrote in 1765: By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband; under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called in our law-French a feme-covert, foemina viro co-operta; is said to be covert-baron, or under the protection and influence of her husband, her baron, or lord; and her condition during her marriage is called her coverture. Upon this principle, of a union of person in husband and wife, depend almost all the legal rights, duties, and disabilities, that either of them acquire by the marriage. I speak not at present of the rights of property, but of such as are merely personal. For this reason, a man cannot grant anything to his wife, or enter into covenant with her: for the grant would be to suppose her separate existence; and to covenant with her, would be only to covenant with hims elf: and therefore it is also generally true, that all compacts made between husband and wife, when single, are voided by the intermarriage. A woman indeed may be attorney for her husband; for that implies no separation from, but is rather a representation of, her lord. And a husband may also bequeath any thing to his wife by will; for that cannot take effect till the coverture is determined by his death. The husband is bound to provide his wife with necessaries by law, as much as himself; and, if she contracts debts for them, he is obliged to pay them; but for anything besides necessaries he is not chargeable. Also if a wife elopes, and lives with another man, the husband is not chargeable even for necessaries; at least if the person who furnishes them is sufficiently apprized of her elopement. If the wife be indebted before marriage, the husband is bound afterwards to pay the debt; for he has adopted her and her circumstances together. If the wife be injured in her person or her p roperty, she can bring no action for redress without her husbands concurrence, and in his name, as well as her own: neither can she be sued without making the husband a defendant. There is indeed one case where the wife shall sue and be sued as a feme sole, viz. where the husband has abjured the realm, or is banished, for then he is dead in law; and the husband being thus disabled to sue for or defend the wife, it would be most unreasonable if she had no remedy, or could make no defence at all. In criminal prosecutions, it is true, the wife may be indicted and punished separately; for the union is only a civil union. But in trials of any sort they are not allowed to be evidence for, or against, each other: partly because it is impossible their testimony should be indifferent, but principally because of the union of person; and therefore, if they were admitted to be witness for each other, they would contradict one maxim of law, nemo in propria causa testis esse debet; and if against each other, they would contradict another maxim, nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. But, where the offence is directly against the person of the wife, this rule has been usually dispensed with; and therefore, by statute 3 Hen. VII, c. 2, in case a woman be forcibly taken away, and married, she may be a witness against such her husband, in order to convict him of felony. For in this case she can with no propriety be reckoned his wife; because a main ingredient, her consent, was wanting to the contract: and also there is another maxim of law, that no man shall take advantage of his own wrong; which the ravisher here would do, if, by forcibly marrying a woman, he could prevent her from being a witness, who is perhaps the only witness to that very fact. In the civil law the husband and the wife are considered as two distinct persons, and may have separate estates, contracts, debts, and injuries; and therefore in our ecclesiastical courts, a woman may sue and be sued without her husband. But though our law in general considers man and wife as one person, yet there are some instances in which she is separately considered; as inferior to him, and acting by his compulsion. And therefore any deeds executed, and acts done, by her, during her coverture, are void; except it be a fine, or the like manner of record, in which case she must be solely and secretly examined, to learn if her act be voluntary. She cannot by will devise lands to her husband, unless under special circumstances; for at the time of making it she is supposed to be under his coercion. And in some felonies, and other inferior crimes, committed by her through constraint of her husband, the law excuses her: but this extends not to treason or murder. The husband also, by the old law, might give his wife moderate correction. For, as he is to answer for her misbehaviour, the law thought it reasonable to intrust him with this power of restraining her, by domestic chastisement, in the same moderation that a man is allowed to correct his apprentices or children; for whom the master or parent is also liable in some cases to answer. But this power of correction was confined within reasonable bounds, and the husband was prohibited from using any violence to his wife, aliter quam ad virum, ex causa regiminis et castigationis uxoris suae, licite et rationabiliter pertinet. The civil law gave the husband the same, or a larger, authority over his wife: allowing him, for some misdemeanors, flagellis et fustibus acriter verberare uxorem; for others, only modicam castigationem adhibere. But with us, in the politer reign of Charles the second, this power of correction began to be doubted; and a wife may now have security of the peace against he r husband; or, in return, a husband against his wife. Yet the lower rank of people, who were always fond of the old common law, still claim and exert their ancient privilege: and the courts of law will still permit a husband to restrain a wife of her liberty, in the case of any gross misbehaviour. These are the chief legal effects of marriage during the coverture; upon which we may observe, that even the disabilities which the wife lies under are for the most part intended for her protection and benefit: so great a favourite is the female sex of the laws of England. Source ï » ¿William Blackstone. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Vol, 1 (1765), pages 442-445.

Non-eroding Orbits of the Inner Planets and Earths Moon Essay

Non-eroding Orbits of the Inner Planets and Earths Moon - Essay Example G is the gravitational constant equal to 6.673 1011 Nm2kg-2. For example, the attraction between you and the Earth is equal to your mass times Earth's mass divided by the distance from your center to Earth's center times G. Next, we must better understand orbits. Kepler's law of planetary motion states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses around the sun (Wallin). So, at different times they are at different distances. Because they are at different distances, the force between them differs depending on where they are in relation to one another. That being true, their accelerations also differ depending on where they are in their orbits. It seems the inner planets and moons are just the right distances from one another that they help each other sustain non-eroding orbits. This is why Mercury, Venus, and the Moon do not show significant erosion of their orbits. They are in perpetual free fall, but at such a distance from one another and the sun that their orbits are not circular. They speed up and slow down based on their distances from each other and the sun; therefore, these accelerations keep them from falling into one another.

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra Credit Assignment - Essay Example That means I have to work with an understaffed team. Also half of the staff does not have relevant job experience. Finally the remaining half of the employees has done the work in a given style for as long as 15 years; adapting to new changes may be a problem. The steps I would take during the first 90 days as manager to address these challenges First I will get the employees to agree that there is need for change. I will gather the employees to evaluate their situation, identify what the problem is and set up procedures to correct the situation. Suggested changes will be announced then implemented through my close supervision. I will make sure I don’t impose the change but rather let the employees to manage the process themselves. To do this I will organize a workshop to help gain common understanding, to chart the way forward by coming up with plans, aims, commitments and actions. I will seek through this event to inspire the staff to make relevant and real objectives. I wil l guide them to make objectives that are easy to attain. Long term objectives shall be divided and be accomplished in stages. I will come up with a guiding team which will comprise of carefully selected supervisors for departments based on their track records.   The team shall compose enough key players such that those who are left do not block any suggested plan of action. They shall be people who command respect because pronouncements of such people are taken seriously. They shall be people with proven leadership capability. These people shall need to have high level of commitment and competence. One of their immediate work shall be to build teams within the areas of their supervision. They shall take advantage of the fact that every human being has a nature of joining a group. The teams they create will have to beware that they are teams that are born to compliment the efforts of each other and not competitors. If they try to compete then we shall have a â€Å"win lose† situation whereby one group can try to outdo the other using methods that make your opponent to go down so that you appear on top. It shall be the work of these team leaders to encourage informal relation among the team members in order to create a good working atmosphere and raise their morale. Each team shall handle related activities hence one plan of action shall be developed for them. This will ensure unity, focused efforts and coordinated strength. The changes to be effected must take into consideration that the time in which to realize the change is short, hence actions that will impact on short term performance will be much welcome. In our discussions, all staff shall need to identify priorities so that each one majors on the major and minors on the minor. This will eliminate incidences where an employee is fully preoccupied by a task that is less important leaving undone the most important. There is all possibility that this can happen because this centre suffers from under staffing.   Ã‚  Ã‚   To ensure smooth operations, I will make sure there is proper discipline by among other things ensuring that those who are appointed to any position of authority are properly disciplined. The juniors shall need to observe rules and regulations that they help develop. Incentives will be used to promote discipline. While identified obstacles shall be removed, achievements as well as progress shall be rewarded. I will work at avoiding constant criticisms because this way they won’

The Adventure of the German Student

The Adventure of the German Student There are multiple ways to analyze a literary work, through the basis of the critical approaches. The reader can select any of them in order to analyze his or her piece of work. Particularly in order to analyze this story I am going to use the Psychological approach. Washington Irving ´s story, The Adventure Of The German Student, was the one that attracted me the most, because of its enrichment content about the functioning of human ´s brain, and also, about the strong influence that an unpleasant environment has in people ´s interpersonal relationships, and how this situation can produce a serious damage in anyone ´s mental health. The Adventure Of The German Student shows us how society and social movements can interfere in peoples normal behavior and personality. As we are by nature a social being, we cannot avoid interactions with others, as well as we cannot avoid being influenced by social events. Irving ´s story tries to focus our attention on a strong socio-political and even religious event which occurred in France between the years (1789-1799) that it is well known as The French Revolution, besides he does not leave behind the reaction of the story ´s principal character Gottfried Wolfgang who was surprised and ready to discover a little more about this new city and that revolution that was on its height. Throughout the story ´s development it becomes evident Wolfgang ´s unreasonable behavior which was accompanied by a degraded state of mind that was increasing at the time the story was developing, finding himself in an awful situation at the end of the story which leads him to spend his life in a madhouse. This story begins giving us a brief orientation about which is going to be the plot in where the story will be developed. This first paragraph gives us important information that will lead us to better understand the story and to be more familiarized with the events that will be involved on it. At the end of this first paragraph the narrator stops the narration, and there is an intervention of the story ´s writer who considers important to reveal the type of life that the principal character of the story Gottfried Wolfgang had before going to Paris, by saying: -but I should first tell you something about this young German. Gottfried Wolfgang is presented as a young German man of good family also as a visionary and enthusiastic character; these qualities are common in young people, especially in those who are studying and throughout the acquisition of knowledge they also acquire new ways to perceive the world. Studies are productive, but is there any possibility to become nuts after studying so hard? The answer might be relative, but it is important to say that the capacity of human ´s brain is endless, and that there is a discipline named Psychology which its principal role is to analyze human behavior, as well as, motivation, personality and interpersonal relationships. We have to consider that Germany ´s education system was and still is considered admirable for its strict and organized strategies toward teaching, and because of this, students should have an intense dedication, if they really want to succeed. But sometimes that intense dedication to something can produce mental break downs. Now days, the term mental breakdowns is not commonly used by experts in this area, in fact, they see this term as a popular term invent by society, but no matter what the real name is, mental breakdowns are considered mental illnesses, that can lead people to a complete mental disorder, if it is not treated properly. We know that under enough pressure, continued over a long period of time, anyone can be overwhelmed, and bend. All of us have a breaking point (Dr. William C. Menninger, 1959 U.S.A) As it is shown in the second paragraph of the story: His secluded life, his intense application, and the singular nature of his studies, had an effect on both mind and body. A secluded life is not good for anybody; people should have time for everything, especially to enjoy being with others and to share. Eventually, a person who since a young age, like Wolfgang, is situated away from people; this will cause di fferent psychological damages, and if we are not okay mentally is reasonable that our body cannot work in a good way. People who are isolated perceive and make their own deductions of the world around them. In the same second paragraph, Wolfgang is compared with Emanuel Swedenborg, like Swedenborg, he had an ideal world of his own around him. Swedenborg was a Swedish inventor and scientist who lived between the years (1688-1772). Swedenborg entered into a spiritual phase in which he experienced dreams and visions. This culminated in a spiritual awakening, where he claimed he was appointed by the Lord to write a heavenly doctrine to reform Christianity. He claimed that the Lord had opened his eyes, so that from then on he could freely visit heaven and hell, and talk with angels, demons, and other spirits. Taking into account the comparison made between Wolfgang and Swedenborg, I can assume that maybe Wolfgang was inspired by Swedenborg ´s literature, and that, if we investigate about this literature we can see that, most of the things that Swedenborg wrote had a strong influence in Wolfgang ´s behavior, at the point that we can find similarities between them. Wolfgang thought that there was an evil influence hanging over him; an evil genius or spirit seeking to ensnare him and ensure his perdition. I am completely sure that, when a person reads something, any literary text, in some way this person is influenced by the text, and psychologically if this person finds something that can be productive or just something that he or she likes, it will be introduced and used by his mind, consciously or not. The truth is that our characters mind started to get weaker rapidly, at the point that Wolfgang ´s friends started to worry about him His friends discovered the mental malady preying upon him, and determined that the best cure was a change of scene. It was evident that Wolfgang ´s friends started noticing his disordered condition, maybe because he was acting differently at the point that his friends could not feel comfortable with him anymore. he was sent, therefore, to finish his studies amidst the splendors and gayeties of Paris. Thinking that the principal problem was the environment in where he was, he was sent to Paris in order to finish his studies, just imagine, to send a young boy to explore a new city by himself without any friends or family. Maybe for him it was a kind of adventure and from what he had heard about that city, it was going to be a fascinating trip for him. Wolfgang arrived at Paris at the breaking out of the revolution The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. > The French Revolution was a time of complete chaos in Paris. Popular, as well as, military confrontations and decapitations where the principal events of the day. Wolfgang ´s expectations about that new and fascinating city were different from reality. Despite, his enthusiasm was strong enough to become amazed with those radical socio-political changes. But then, his perception of those events, started to change, now he was another citizen who disliked those political movements and was against assassinations. He felt in some way trapped and the only way he had to escape of those horrible scenes was through reading. He is described as a literary ghoul. A ghoul by means represents something disgusting that shows morbid interests in things. This description tells us that his mental faculties were in manner unhealthy, as well as his behavior. He was trying to find a safe place between all the horrible things occurring on the street. He shut himself up physical and mentally. Although, he is described as a boy of ardent temperament, was imagination his reigning ability. Imagination works with the unconscious mind, and leaves aside consciousness and reality, in order to help the person to protect himself of an unwanted situation. In the Psychoanalytic world, was Sigmund Freud the one who first explained and developed this theory. Freud postulated that there were a number of defense mechanisms-including repression, reaction-formation, regression, displacement, and rationalization-that protect the conscious mind from those aspects of reality it may find difficult to accept. > In Wolfgang ´s case, was throughout imagination, where he found a way to repress all the events that were happening around him, in order to be in some way calm and focused in something else. he was a passionate admirer of female beauty, is common that a boy of his age starts admiring female beauty, but results difficult to understand, how he might think about something beautiful in middle of such horrifying events?, maybe he needed a couple or just somebody to talk with. I do not know for sure, but it was evident that Wolfgang started to lose his mind little by little. a dream produced an extraordinary effect upon him. It was of a female face of transcendent beauty. So strong was the impression made, that he dreamt of it again and again. We do not know exactly what Wolfgang ´s age really was, but considering the description made by the narrator at the beginning of the story, he was a young man. Is completely natural for young man to be delighted by a girl, maybe for him it was about time to experience to be with a girl, but just because of the kind of life he had and all the things that were happening around him, he could not experienced that at the moment. Dreams are an insight into our emotional preoccupations > .This is just one of lots of definitions about what dreams really are. Experts in the psychiatric area and others still cannot find an exact definition for dreams, and this is because the complexity of understanding human ´s brain has not been reached yet, despite all the scientific advances. The way in which Wolfgang ´s dreamed with this female face again and again, shows his desperation for having a couple and maybe for calming down his sexual appetite, in a manner he was obsessed by her or maybe he was sexually obsessed. Obsessives disorders involves obsessions-unwanted thoughts or images that are unsettling or interfere with an individuals life, followed by compulsions-actions that temporarily relieve the anxiety caused by the obsessions >. The unwanted thoughts and images that Wolfgang was having, shows through different psychological studies, that he had an obsessive disorder. Maybe that disorder started some time ago, before travelled to Paris and maybe it could occurred in his childhood, we are not sure, but what it is sure is that this disorder increased since he started to live and experience all the atrocities that took place during the French Revolution. Our sexual function is an important component and indicator of overall health and well-being; sexual problems or dysfunction may result from, or even cause, physical or mental illness or deterioration in important social relationships. >. According to Dr.: Sadie Sheafe sexual problems can cause mental illnesses, maybe this is what was happening with our character, just imaging, being surrounded with all those horrible scenes of death, with nobody to talk with, and if that was not enough being in some way trapped physically and mentally. It was evident that he was starting to lose his mental qualities. At the time you experience a dream, is your unconscious mind the one which works the most, for this reason Wolfgang could not do anything about those dreams that he was having, in fact they were consuming his life and taking possession of him, by the time that he was passionately enamored of this shadow of a dream, can you imagine yourself being in love of a dream?. Results difficult to think about that, but that was Wolfgang ´s situation, and when the narrator says it became one of those fixed ideas which haunt the minds of melancholy men, and are at times mistaken for madness. Here, the narrator describes Wolfga ng ´s personality as a melancholy man, which means that he was sad, and maybe sank into a prolonged depression that was destroying his mental health. One night when Wolfgang was passing through Place de Graà ¨ve which was the square in where executions were performed, he shrank back with horror at finding himself close by the guillotine A guillotine was a machine used to cut people ´s head off, and was used by the times of the French revolution, that was the political movement our character was experiencing. For a person that does not know what a guillotine is, and it is not informed about what was happening in that city, is not going to shrank back with horror, that is for sure, but as Wolfgang did know what was happening there and the purpose of that scary instrument, he felt in that way, and his first reaction was to feel scared and step aside. Obviously his nerves impulses were extremely sensitive. Wolfgangs heart sickened within him, and he was turning shuddering from the horrible engine he was shaking horrified by this monstrous instrument, here is evident the level of nervousness that he had and how tormented he was by all the horrible things that were happening there, the involuntary action of shaking is common in nervous people. At the same square he found a woman seating on the scaffold, He approached, and addressed her in the accents of sympathy even though he was passing through a bad situation, he never lost his well mannered behavior, remember that he was a man of good family, so he knew how to be a gentleman and how to speak with a lady. His surprise was that this woman was the same that have been haunting his dreams; he was amazed and a little bit confused. the very face which had haunted him in his dreams. Trembling with violent and conflicting emotions here is shown again that Wolfgang was a nervous and insecure person. the student, for the first time, blushed at the scantiness and indifference of his dwelling. When a person blushes, shows that he is feeling embarrassed about something, in this case Wolfgang felt ashamed of his shelter, because he was worried about what his female companion might think or say about it. He was fascinating by her beauty, but still he thought of abandoning his chamber to her, and seeking shelter for himself elsewhere, although, his attraction to her was infinite, he knew what was the right thing to do in that case, he was an educated young man and he felt right to give her his dwelling, and find a new place to live. But her beautifulness and the attraction that he felt about her was strong enough to prevent such thing. She is described as an enthusiast like Wolfgang She was evidently an enthusiast like himself, so maybe we can speculate that she had approximately Wolfgang ´s age. No matter the age, any person can be an enthusiast, but this quality is more observable in young people. our hearts are united; in the eye of reason and honor we are as one. Wolfgang did not believe in the liberal theories of the day, but rather, he had his own theory and even his own way to see marriage. We have to considerate that during the French Revolution, was established a new constitution, where the assembly whished that Catholicism should cease to be the religion of the State and that liberty of worship should be established. The Catholic Church was confiscated by the state. It was a complete religious chaos, mean while people were fighting for their religious rights. So, imaging what could a young couple do amid all that confusion. For Wolfgang, the thing that he was doing was reasonable and honorable, maybe in some way he was criticizing the unreasoned strategies that the state was taking against religious institutions. At the end of the story the mind of our principal character returns to reality, when he finds out that his beautiful bride was dead, and that she was already dead from the first beginning. Horrified and frantic, he alarmed the house. A scene of confusion ensued. The student fell into an uncontrolled behavior, which started to get violent The student burst into a frenzy. The fiend! the fiend has gained possession of me! and again he remarks the presence of an evil spirit that was possessing him, that might be the devil. The story never shows us the physical presence of the devil or some other evil figure. All those thoughts were just in Wolfgang ´s mind. Maybe for protecting his consciousness he was imaging the presence of an evil spirit, but at the end he could not do that anymore and is when his degraded mental state is completely reveal. Many people are used to shut themselves away mentally when they are passing through an unwanted situation, but at the end, when they experience a more difficult situation is when the brain cannot protect them anymore, and is when the person collapses. Is important to maintain our brain in good shape, social as well as personal problems are never going to cease, so an intelligent way out is in the use of healthy techniques to improve our mental faculties.   

Economy Shipping Company :: Business Management Finances Essays

Economy Shipping Company It is recommended that Economy Shipping Company (ESC) replace the steamboat, Cynthia, with a new diesel powered boat. The analysis assumed no operating cost in 1950. Although ESC was presumably still in service during this analysis, the costs associated with the project evaluation were not accounted for until 1951. It was also implicit in the NPV calculations that any upgrade required subsequent to 1950 could be performed without any interruption to the daily operations and were performed at the beginning of the year. Therefore, the stoker upgrade and the engine replacements were considered on Jan 1st of the intended year and did not require any downtime for the installation. The evaluation considered four different scenarios: 1. Rehabilitation of Cynthia with the stoker conversion occurring in 1950 2. Rehabilitation of Cynthia with the stoker conversion occurring in 1952 3. Purchase of a new diesel-powered boat with 2 shifts, 12-hour working day 4. Purchase of a new diesel-powered boat with 3 shifts, 8-hour working day Since ESC was considering other projects with a rate of return of 10%, each of the above options were considered using the same rate of return. The company?s balance sheet suggests that management was very conservative. The debt-to-equity ratio in 1950 was 0.075, indicating that the company could easily borrow at the going rate of 3% without fear of bankruptcy. Moreover, the company had sufficient funds to purchase four new diesel-powered boats. Overall, ECS was in a very strong position to quickly upgrade their fleet and gain any advantage that may come with the new diesel-powered boats. The influence of the union to change the working hours for the crew members is noteworthy in this analysis. If the union succeeded, the steamboats would not be capable of accommodating the 3-shift requirement and therefore be noncompliant with the new regulation. If the new regulation had fines associated for any vessel not in compliance with the new guidelines, the results for the steamboat scenarios would only get worse. In this case, the diesel-powered boats could accommodate the anticipated ruling and therefore continue to operate without fear of being unlawful. Another disadvantage against rehabilitating Cynthia was its age. At the time of the decision the steamboat had already been in operation for 23 years. Although, the realizable cost to renovate the steamboat was already known, the intangible aspect of this alternative was the status of the boat once refurbished. It should be noted that with any overhaul, there are still aspects to the boat that will remain ?old? and will eventually fail. The maintenance and repairs listed in

The Other Washington Monument: Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s Contentious Career

Modern stories of daughters of the American Presidents and their clutched lives have been exemplified by teenybopper movies such as Chasing Liberty and The First Daughter. These films typically tell of the heroine’s quest for individuality, freedom and love and usually end with their realization that their position as the President’s daughter holds as much responsibility as the President himself. The life story of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, first daughter of Theodore Roosevelt, would have catapulted into a bigger hit, if it gets to capture the drama, glamour and the controversies that highlight her long life of ninety six years.Amidst Turmoil and Catastrophe: A Picture of Determination and Character In February 12, 1884, Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in Manhattan to eighteen year old Alice Hathaway Lee and twenty four-year old, Republican member of the New York state legislature, Theodore. Her tragic birth seemed a sign of the turbulent life this American socialite would lead later on. A few days after Alice’s birth, both Theodore’s wife and mother passed away. The former died of a kidney disease and the latter of typhoid fever.Perhaps as a result of this, or of Theodore’s political ambitions to become mayor of New York City, Alice has never seen much of her father while she was growing up, so she was raised by Theodore’s sister Anna, whom she called Aunty Bye. Anna was unmarried but sociable and would fill in stories of her real mother to Alice, as a compensation for her apathetic father. Alice would also later comment that Aunty Bye was a significant and optimistic influence in her life (Beres, 1995).After three years under Aunty Bye’s care, Alice moved in (because of her stepmother’s bidding) with Theodore and her new wife, Edith Kermit Carow in Sagamore Hill, Long Island. She later became the eldest in a brood of six, but was believed to have a distant relationship with her family. Even though Alice gre w up without the care of a mother, she obtained the elegance and beauty which was widely adored by the public (Bingham, 1969). This occurred despite her contraction of polio in 1887, an infection which almost crippled her.In fact, she would later be praised for a flawless posture, which resulted from her stepmother’s recourse to stretch her legs every night as a cure for her viral disease (Beres, 1995) or, according to Cordery (1995), from wearing leg braces until she was aged thirteen. Teen Life at the White House Despite losing in the mayoralty race in New York in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt’s political career became one of the most unparalleled in the history of the United States. He battled corruption as he held positions in the US Civil Service Commission and the New York City Board of Police Commissioners.He became one of the youngest Presidents at forty two after having been sworn into office because of the assassination of then President William Mc Kinley in Septe mber 1901. Alice was seventeen years old then and seemed to struggle with her popularity to the media, as she thwarted when given the nickname â€Å"Princess Alice† by the journalists. She was also lucky (or unlucky, as she would later comment, that her celebration was a â€Å"dowdy† arrangement of her stepmother) to be the first Presidential daughter to have debuted under the Executive Manor, which incidentally, was renamed the White House by Theodore Roosevelt.During these times, Alice’s attitude was characteristic of today’s rich, famous and reckless teenage celebrities. Alice also had her share of the â€Å"Paparazzi moments†, rebellious attitude and controversies. She was a regular at the weekly publication â€Å"Town Topics† at Washington, DC, the predecessor of E-buzz in the 1900’s. Her favorite shade of blue, so called â€Å"Alice blue†, became a fashion fad and she inspired and popularized songs like â€Å"Where art t hou Alice† and â€Å"Alice Blue Gown†.She was widely imitated and her image represented the wrong kind of cool, as she was, as Beres (1995) states, â€Å"blunt, opinionated, scandalous, and highly unpredictable †¦ the smoking, drinking, racing around in cars and betting on horses†. This behavior brought negative publicity to her family. Perhaps to derail this trend, Alice was sent as an emissary of her father to Cuba and Puerto Rico, and to Japan, China, Korea and the Philippines during the 1905 Russo-Japanese war settlement (Cordery, 1995).But it was her marriage to Nicholas Longworth in February 17, 1906 that spoiled her rampage, much to her father’s contentment. They traveled after their famed honeymoon in Cuba and were accompanied by the royalty of Germany, France and England in their visit to Europe. Her Political Ascent and Demise Her fame as a politician, or somewhat, as a handmaid of the politicians, became eminent after her marriage, as she s upported her Father’s and Nicholas’ campaigns and became the center and promulgator of social events.However, during the 1912 elections, Theodore, who was then running for his third term at the Presidency, lost along with Nicholas who was also failed to win as Senator. With her help and support, his husband regained position in 1914, while she invested her time with issues concerning World War I, the League of Nations and the Ohio Republican Committee. With the loss of her father in January 6, 1919, she continued to strengthen her territory in the political arena. She championed the controversial issue on women suffrage in 1920, as Beres (1995) thought, not because she found it important, but because it was contentious.Two days after her 41st birthday, she gave birth to her only daughter, Paulina, who was rumored to be her child to Senator William E. Borah. Nonetheless, Nicholas, who died in 1931 while he was Speaker of the House, was a devoted father to their only chi ld. She declined when offered to run for her husband’s position but constantly graced the political field with presence. During the time of Hitler’s violent reign, contrary to her father’s legendary involvement on many international political concerns which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize, she pioneered isolationism for the US.Her witty but frank and intrepid, mostly mean (Bingham, 1969) comments, aptly referred to as swordplay by Skow (1988), have earned her the reputation of being a major influential political and historical character in her time. In fact, according to Keegan (2006), she would have made an atrocious American Idol judge. She authored Crowded Hours in 1933 when she was 49 and continued to goad both politicians and the public in her ephemeral column My Day. She was also a constant critic of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and many other US presidents.Paulina, on the other hand, who had a constant appeal for her mother’s lo ve, committed what was thought to be suicide at her young age of thirty two. Alice took care of her granddaughter Joanna who had unrelenting loyalty for her until Alice’s death (Cordery, 1995). On the contrary, Skow (1998) mentioned that Alice lived alone for the remainder of her life. She was buried beside Paulina, when she died on February 20, 1980. References Beres, C. B. (1995). â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth. † DISCovering U. S. History. Gale Research: [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6. 2007. In â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth.† Great Lives from History, Frank N. Magill. (Ed. ) American Women Series, v. 3. Salem Press. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/HistRC/ Bingham, J. (1969). Before the colors fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. American Heritage Magazine, 20:2. http://www. americanheritage. com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1 969_2_42. shtml. Cordery, S. A. (1995). Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 10: 1976-1980. Charles Scribner's Sons. Keegan, R. W. (2006).An American princess. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00. html Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (1933). Crowded Hours: Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Charles Scribner's Sons. Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved September 6, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9048900 Skow, J. (1988). Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967243,00. html

The Is Not Defined By Dictionaries Or Professors, Or...

Definition Essay Draft Words are not defined by dictionaries or professors, or officials, but by how people use them, how they are put in to context, through the timeless evolution of meanings. Words can have many different faces, many of which can be powerful or quite weak, others can have a friendly face or a mean one. Sometimes there are words that can start out having a friendly face, but with time society can turn them into a mean face that betrays its former self, words like this exist all across modern social interaction, some can be more prominent than others and promote an ignorant atmosphere as to which we are forced to live in. The word gay is no exception, many people apply this word incorrectly to every situation and it†¦show more content†¦Gay wasn t used to replace homosexual as a noun until the twentieth century (Oxford English Dictionary). That was when politics and news corporations used the word to label the homosexual community as gay. In recent events, for example, there have been instances such as the Gay Rights Movement which has been mentioned in media, in turn creates it as a label for homosexuals. So nowadays homosexuals are officially known as gays. Although gay became a technical term in the professional field, at a local level, the word turned away from being a noun and became an adjective, just like in the beginnings of the word; but it had taken on a very different meaning from what it was originally. Gay: adj., stupid, dumb, out of favor. That seems to be how our generation defined this word, it is sad to see that society has come to this, to relate a group of people to the words dumb or stupid. People use this word in many cases that don t even have any relation to the actual meaning of the word, mostly as a derogatory term or insult. For example, if a student chooses to complain about a homework assignment or how a teacher runs their classroom, they usually will say â€Å" Man, this is so gay, I hate this† . To the student, their sta tement is exactly the same as, â€Å" Man, this is so stupid†. It is pitiful how this generation has done this to such a word that has so much other meaning behind it. It is the same story for similar words, like faggot or queer. These terms have