With rreference to recent case law discuss the impact of the human Essay

With rreference to recent case law discuss the impact of the human rights act 1998 on the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy - Essay Example The UK Constitution is rightly deemed an unconventional, uncodified constitution that is a pragmatic product of experience and experiment. Central to the UK Constitution is the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy which endows the UK Parliament an overweening supremacy above all other governmental institutions including the executive and the judiciary. As defined by Albert Dicey, it is a doctrine wherein the Parliament has â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.†3 Parliament is not bound by its predecessor. In other words, it confers upon the Parliament the title â€Å"Supreme Lawmaker† by which the notion of judicial review does not apply. Thus, no court is allowed to question the validity of an Act of Parliament. Moreover, the Parliament’s legislative competence is rendered unlimited and by ordinary Act of Parliament it is empowered to alter any aspect of the existing Constitution. This doctrine had been questioned but was upheld in the Madzimbamuto case with finality, holding that if Parliament chose to enact a law that is improper or immoral, â€Å"the court will not hold the Act of Parliament invalid†.4 This doctrine had also been lambasted by such judges as Lord Chief Justice Woolf on the ground that it causes the British courts to become a weakened judiciary, stripped of the power of judicial review and the power to interpret civil rights implications while the Parliament is free to enact any legislation that it desires.5 It is a reality though, that the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy was threatened and suffered an erosion when UK decided to become a member of the European Union in 1972 and had to accede to European laws and the principle of the supremacy of European union law. The case Costa v ENEL

The amount of energy Essay Example for Free

The amount of energy Essay In this investigation I will be burning alcohols to heat up a can of water. I will be burning four alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. The aim is to find out how much energy is produced when burning these alcohols. Alcohols react with oxygen in the air to form water and carbon dioxide. The reaction that is involved in burning alcohols is exothermic because heat is given out. From this reason the reactant energy is higher than that of the product. The energy is given out when forming the bonds between the new water and carbon dioxide molecules. The amount of energy produced by such exothermic reactions can be calculated by using the formula Mass of the substance x rise in temp x SHC (specific heat capacity). The specific heat capacity is the number of joules required to heat one gram of water by 1 °C. I chose to use water because it is safe, easily found, and has a reliable specific heat capacity of 4.2. I will also need to ensure that I conduct the experiments safely. As alcohols are very dangerous and highly flammable I will wear my safety goggles at all times. I will need to keep all lose items off clothing tucked in. the lids on the alcohols must be kept on at all times to prevent evaporation or any spillages. Prediction I predict that the more bonds there are holding the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms together, more energy will be required to break them apart. For example Ethanol has the formula C H OH. In this formula you have five C-H bonds, one C-C bond, one C-O bond and one O-H bond. To separate these types of bonds you require a certain amount of energy which I will show in a table. To separate C-H bond you need to apply 410 joules of energy. There are five such bonds in ethanol so you multiply 410 by five to get 2050 joules. You do these calculations for all the other types of bonds that make up ethanol, add them all together and you get 3270 joules. All of the other alcohols can be broken up in this way. Below is a table showing the energy required to break up the bonds in each alcohol. Type of alcohol Energy required to break the bonds in the alcohol (kj) As you can see a longer molecule takes more energy to break its bonds, in this case Butanol. Compared to a smaller molecule, methanol that requires less energy to do so. I can come to predict that the longer the molecular structure in the alcohol the more energy it will take to remove the bonds. So when I come to predicting results I can safely say that Butanol will evolve more energy than methanol simply because it has more bonds to break. Analysing and drawing conclusions I think my results tables and graphs clearly show the pattern that I have found in this experiment. That is that heat combustion does increase when  the amount of carbon atoms increases. I believe that my results do show a positive correlation and do show that the more carbon atoms there are the heat of combustion goes up. Another reason for these results is that the molecular length becomes longer in the bigger molecules increasing the surface area hence allowing more energy to be released. These results do support my initial prediction. After this I can conclude that my initial prediction was actually right but I didnt allow for all of the experimental errors. I conclude that carbon atoms in alcohols do have an effect on the heat of combustion. As the amount of carbon atoms go up the heat of combustion does. This is because everytime you add another carbon atom you are also adding 15 onto the relative atomic mass that plays a big part in calculating the end results. Evaluation Sound and light energy could have been lost into the room. I could have placed heatproof mats around my experimental area, they could not have kept all of the heat in and much of this would have been taken away in the convection currents through the air. The tin that the water was being held in would have used up some of the heat energy to heat itself up. The alcohol containers had varying amounts of alcohol in them to start with along with varying sizes of wicks. This all contributed to the fact that the flame coming from the alcohol was varying in size so was sometimes not even touching the tin can. The room temperature would also have acted as a cooling agent. One of the less important factors could have been if there was a lacking of oxygen leading to incomplete combustion. Then the oxygen molecules would only form with one carbon molecule producing carbon monoxide but I doubt this actually happened. This was a very difficult experiment to conduct in a classroom because there are lots of potential ways of losing heat because everything likes to gain heat energy. I think the thing that hindered our results the most was the fact that gusts of air and convection currents were taking the heat away from the experimental area and there was no way to stop this. Perhaps if I started the experiment below room temperature, so that the amount of gained  energy, from room temperature, might equal the energy lost at temperatures higher than room temperature, then the experiment could produce better results. If there is a limited supply of oxygen then you get carbon monoxide (each carbon atom can only bond with one oxygen atom). This is when incomplete combustion has occurred. This is so because the carbon monoxide could react some more to make carbon dioxide. If the oxygen supply is very limited then you get some atoms of carbon released before they can bond with any oxygen atoms. This is what we call soot. Since heat is given out when bonds form, less energy is given out by incomplete combustion. So this is why it affects the outcome of the experiment. To overcome this problem, I would have to make sure a sufficient supply of oxygen was involved in the reaction.

Molly Brangs Ten Principles :: Art Molly Brang Essays

Molly Brang's Ten Principles My picture contrasts the dark, sharp, menacing objects with the light, calm, serenity of the hand. Using Molly Bang’s ten principles, I was able to depict this evil and suspenseful moment from the story, "Sleeping Beauty." Molly Bang’s ten principles teach us how to illustrate moments from stories or poems with abstract shapes and basic colors. By applying these principles, any emotion can be expressed. Maleficent was the most challenging object in the picture. Since the whole purpose of the picture is to represent evil and suspense, I knew that she had to be black. First, she had more rounded corners and her cape was straight up and down. I obviously needed to make her look more evil. So I sharpened up every corner of her and brought her cape to a point. According to Molly Bang, "We feel more scared looking at pointed shapes; we feel more secure or comforted looking at rounded shapes or curves" (70). The extended triangle to the right represents her outreached arm. I thought this made her look as if she were in authority over the situation. This makes her appear more powerful. Generally, powerful rulers and kings extend their arms as a representation of power and authority. The more I looked at this outreached triangle and its relationship to the picture, the more I thought of her cunning and conniving ways to hide this from others. Instead of just bringing the cape straight down off the page, it is more interesting to bring it to a point. Bang says, "Diagonal shapes are dynamic because they imply motion or tension" (46). Because the pointed cape implies motion, Maleficent looks as if she is ready to pounce on Sleeping Beauty or grab her immediately after she touches the spindle. It shows that Maleficent is in suspense and on the edge of her feet waiting for Sleeping Beauty to touch the spindle. Some other details that make Maleficent stand out and look evil are her horns, size, location, and her eyes. It is obvious that the horns give her away as having the characteristic of evil and menacing. Horns are associated with the devil; therefore, these become an essential part of depicting her. Her size and location portray triumph and power. She looks as if she is secretly peering down upon Sleeping Beauty.

Love Relationship Among Student Essay

This research study examines the relationship between academic achievement and at-risk students. Many issues today affect the achievement gap and the ability for at-risk students to succeed. Most data, as revealed in the studies included in this review, conclude the factors identifying at-risk students do have significant impact on the academic achievement of individual students and schools. Most often, these students are not successful and eventually drop out of school or pursue a GED. Data indicate that teacher-student relationships, parent or caregiverstudent relationships, motivation, SES, and peer influence can affect success for at- risk students. Twelfth grade students from two high schools in an urban school district were given the opportunity to participate in a survey. This study investigates correlations between the dependent variable grade point average (GPA), and the independent variables teacher-student relationships, parent or caregiver-student relationships, motivation, SES, and peer influence. Five regressions were run to determine if any of the independent variables predict GPA. Data from this study indicate that the variance between the dependent variable of GPA and each of the five independent variables is significant; however the practicality of these results’ having a significant influence on the GPA of the study participants is minimal. The strongest variance found was between GPA and motivation and between GPA and peer influence. Other findings include a relationship between GPA and participation in sports or activities. As GPA increases, the percentage of students participating in sports and activities increased. The students in this study do have positive relationships with their teachers; have a parent or caregiver encouraging them to do well in school; and plan to attend college.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce

The story Portrait of the Artist as Young Man is set in the Ireland at the beginning of the 20th century. Readers are introduced to the character of Stephen Dedalus, a young Irish boy from a Catholic family. The family is impoverished because of his father is incompetent. The family constantly moves from one place to another because of their poverty.Mary Dedalus, Stephen’s mother is a pious Catholic. The Dedalus children were taught by Mrs. Riordan (or Dante) their governess, also a devout Catholic. Their Uncle Charles stays with them. The opening paragraphs start out with a stream of consciousness by Stephen as a young boy.The next time Stephen appears is during his stay at a boarding school in Clangowes. He suffers from homesickness, and bullying because of his measly frame and basically just unable to fit in the society of the boarding school. He is pushed by a bully into a cesspool that caused him to be sick but does not tell his teachers about it.During Christmas, he join s the adult table for the first time. The dinner turns ugly when a heated debate about politics among the adults started. Back at the boarding school, Stephen is hit by Father Dolan, the prefect of the boarding school. He tells this incident to Father Conmee, the rector of the boarding of the boarding school. His classmates admired this act.His family’s continued financial woes took its toll on Stephen. He was unable to return to the boarding school in Clangowes. Stephen, along with the rest of the family moves to Blackrock. Stephen enjoyed walks with his Uncle Charles in their new place. He plays imaginary adventures with Aubrey Mills, their neighbor in Blackrock.Yet again, just a few years after their move to Blackrock, they move again, this time to Dublin. This is where he meets Emma Clere, the girl that would greatly enthral Stephen throughout the story. Somehow his father managed to enrol Stephen into Belvedere College.It was only in Belvedere where Stephen comes out of his shell, he became a leader and is active in theatre and literature. Stephen still feels alone even if he excels in those fields.As an adolescent young man, he got exposed to sex and is greatly fascinated by it, until finally he loses his virginity to prostitute.Stephen becomes addicted to sex. Although he knows that what he is doing is wrong he can’t control himself or rather he does not want to. After some time, he hears a sermon from Father Arnall, his former Latin teacher back in Clongowes. The priests talks about how terrible hell is. Stephen is horrified. He suddenly changes from a sex addict person to a religious person.

Free Essays on Genes Changing Mind

Gene’s Changing Mind In A Separate Peace, author John Knowles portrays Gene Forrester, the main character, as a person whose feelings towards people and events are always changing. These changes are best shown through friends, including Finny and the war. They reflect on the personality of Gene, and show his indecisive and confused state of mind. Looking back now across fifteen years, I could see with great clarity the fear I had lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it.(p2) This quote is from early in the book, while Gene is looking back on his time at Devon. He now realizes that he was living in great fear of the war he was fighting within himself during his senior year. Between 1942 and 1957, Gene’s mind made the biggest change of all. If he had confronted this fear during the fall and winter of 1942, his life would have changed drastically. For example, Gene did not face his problems, causing him to be less of a friend to Finny. He felt a competitive rivalry between them that did not exist. This is why he jounced the limb, which set in motion the events leading to Finny’s death. Gene’s thoughts and feelings towards Finny were always changing. During the summer session, Gene saw Finny as perfect and almost as a god. Phineas†¦like a river god, his raised arms invoking the air to support him, face transfigured, body a complex set of balances and compensations, each muscle aligned in perfection with all the others to maintain this supreme fantasy of achievement†¦(p67). Gene was Finny’s best friend, and Finny would always agree with that throughout the whole book, but Gene’s mind would never commit to true friendship. An example of this occurred when Finny saved Gene from falling out of the tree: We were standing on a limb†¦ I realized that in turning I had begun to lose my balance†¦ Finny’s hand ... Free Essays on Gene's Changing Mind Free Essays on Gene's Changing Mind Gene’s Changing Mind In A Separate Peace, author John Knowles portrays Gene Forrester, the main character, as a person whose feelings towards people and events are always changing. These changes are best shown through friends, including Finny and the war. They reflect on the personality of Gene, and show his indecisive and confused state of mind. Looking back now across fifteen years, I could see with great clarity the fear I had lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it.(p2) This quote is from early in the book, while Gene is looking back on his time at Devon. He now realizes that he was living in great fear of the war he was fighting within himself during his senior year. Between 1942 and 1957, Gene’s mind made the biggest change of all. If he had confronted this fear during the fall and winter of 1942, his life would have changed drastically. For example, Gene did not face his problems, causing him to be less of a friend to Finny. He felt a competitive rivalry between them that did not exist. This is why he jounced the limb, which set in motion the events leading to Finny’s death. Gene’s thoughts and feelings towards Finny were always changing. During the summer session, Gene saw Finny as perfect and almost as a god. Phineas†¦like a river god, his raised arms invoking the air to support him, face transfigured, body a complex set of balances and compensations, each muscle aligned in perfection with all the others to maintain this supreme fantasy of achievement†¦(p67). Gene was Finny’s best friend, and Finny would always agree with that throughout the whole book, but Gene’s mind would never commit to true friendship. An example of this occurred when Finny saved Gene from falling out of the tree: We were standing on a limb†¦ I realized that in turning I had begun to lose my balance†¦ Finny’s hand ...

Agency Agrees to Review Human Stem Cell Patents

Agency Agrees to Review Human Stem Cell Patents Summary of the Information contained in the reference: Questions were raised on the validity of fundamental patents on human embryonic stem cells granted to University of Wisconsin scientist, James A. Thomson. The Foundation for taxpayer and consumer rights, and Public patent foundation claim that Mr. Thomson's work did not deserve a patent. The organizations claim that three scientific papers by other scientists, and a patent from the past laid the foundation to Mr. Thomson's success. Mr. Thomson was the first to isolate human embryonic stem cells. The organizations feel Mr. Thomson's success is due to research previously conducted on various animals. The patents will be re-examined and evaluated by The United States Patent and Trademark Office.Student reflection/ response/ analysis Instead of celebrating the incredible medical advancement, negative publicity centers around stem cell research once again. This time it's not about the ethics or morals, but who did it first.Mouse embry onic stem cells. More lab photosIn my opinion Mr. Thomson's patent should not be re-examined. The patent that was granted to him was based upon human embryonic stem cells. The organizations arguing that previous stem research on animals laid the foundation for his success. For the most part, it probable did, but a human and an animal are different, and therefore the patents should be too. I feel the only reason these organizations requested for a re-examination is financially. The outcome of his research is going to be worth a lot of money. One would think with a medical breakthrough as big as this, an abundance of applause would follow, not lawsuits. The University of Wisconsin stated "the decision of the re-examination could lead to a narrowing or even a recession of the three patents"( The New York Times"). The cause and effect of that would be devastating. Further research would become less,